宗教生活與社群建構---以寶山鄉下寶山三村的聚落為例

Abstract

本論文將運用社會學的概念和範式，分析和討論一個客家鄉村的祭祀組織與文化內涵，探究社群連結的性質，社群的界線，象徵系統與社群的結合方式，社群的形塑動力等，期望經由多元的視角，豐富社群的概念與內涵，使社群研究的傳統與現代議題有所接合。透過社群的拓墾歷史、宗教儀式活動研究發現，一個區域範圍內可以有多個社群組織的存在，他們的社會連結屬性因各自的需求而不同，有經濟的、地緣的、信仰的…，社群的界線可大可小可重疊，有些社群在歷史過程中，基於經濟的必要性而具有主導的地位，譬如：主神的產生。有些社群因為具有獨特的流動特質，經由分香的方式類生出許多同性質的社群，好比媽祖信仰的傳播，這些社群以象徵為名進行互動、整合和分化，因此保持了界線的浮動性，也就是說，社群是開放的公共空間，透過對象徵物的認同儀式，一個人可以同時分別屬於多個屬性不同的社群。 從一個社會人類學的結構論者的角度來看，社群結構體系的形成，必然是一個由內在的文化社會形式和外在的力量，交互辯證而成的歷史過程，這個形成並不是靜態不變，而是一個仍繼續在繁衍、轉換的暫時平衡。一個社群界線的認定不是隨意，也不會是固定的，它如何被確立、重組、減弱、消失，正是其組成成分以及權力運作的結果。宗教透過象徵物來建立神聖與世俗世界的溝通，經由儀式的過程，體現出集體的意願，同時規則性的重複執行儀式活動可維繫儀式本身的神聖性，透過儀式化的過程，發揮支配整個群體的力量，並產生更大層面的社群形塑動力。

The thesis applies concepts and paradigm of sociology to analyze and discuss the cultural intension in a Hakka ritual organization, investigate the properties of the communication connections, the boundaries of a community, the symbolic system and its way to connect to the community, the motivation to mold a community and so on. Through the project, hopefully we can bridge the traditional and modern issues of the research about the community via a multiple vision, thus enrich the concepts and the content of the community. Through studying the history of developing a community and religious ceremony, there can be several social organizations in one area and they have different needs, which depend on the properties of connecting to the society such as economical, regional and religious factors. The limit of a community can be large or small, and sometimes they overlap with each other. For the economical reason, some communities may play the leading role. E.g. the appearance of the main god. Some communities may derive from a larger community based on the same symbol with floating character, such as spreading Ma-Zu belief. These communities make interactions, integration, and disunion via emblem, thus keep the limit be floating. Communities are open public area and someone can belong to more than one community through his / her identification to the emblem. From the view point of constructism of social anthropology , the formation of the structure of a community must be the result of the interaction between historical process and the archetype of cosmology of the community members. The process is always propagating, transforming to reach a temperate balance. A limit of a community is not recognized freely and it is not firmed. How is the limit identified, unscramble, weaken, disappear is the result of the operation between elements. Religion builds a channel to communicate the holy division and the common customs. Via ceremonies, the group wills are presented. By repeating the ceremonies, the sanctity is kept. The ceremonies become the power to dominate the community and create a larger forming power in the community.