從偏見出發看性犯罪的本質-情感與意志

Abstract

從人類文明出現之際，性犯罪就存在了，並總是能夠吸引社會大眾的目光，引發強烈的集體情緒。僅管在遏止性犯罪這一點上是群體的共識，但是做為一種犯罪型態，性犯罪似乎比其他種犯罪行為更容易在個案中的出現極具爭議性的模糊地帶，引起一波又一波本以為已塵埃落定但看來適正方興未艾的爭論。 從法律規範面或是法律實務操作面看來，我們的社會對於性犯罪的型貌似乎有一定的想像，這種想像並未經過嚴謹的科學證明，因此從某些角度來看或可稱之是為一種對於性犯罪的偏見。但如果這種偏見是一種廣泛存在於社會群體之間的認知，是否代表後面其實有一些構成性犯罪內涵的重要元素是我們在法律的討論上沒有深入發掘的？從訪談當中我們發現，雖然我們總是把性自主當成性犯罪的保護法益，但若要深入探究，恐懼、噁心與羞恥的感受才是真正讓被害人覺得受到傷害的原因，而且引起這些感受的行為必須與「性」有所關聯，否則即便有這些情緒存在，被害人也不會覺得這是一種性犯罪。 然而，只抓到性犯罪對被害人所造成的傷害內涵並無法解決所有的問題，因為情緒的感受是主觀的，我們無法只憑被害人的感受就把這樣的行為當成是一種犯罪，否則人與人之間的親密互動必然染上一層猜忌，所以在評斷個案的時候，我們仍然需要同意的概念，一個有效的同意可以確保雙方的意願並防止將來的紛爭。但是同意有效與否並不是一個如表面上那麼容易處理的問題，因為權力關係不僅無所不在，同時也是流動的，端看我們的意志能否超越或是受制於它，結論上一個簡單的評斷標準就是看同意人在同意的當下是否已經預見到自己在將來會對這個際遇感到否定。以上性犯罪的傷害內涵與同意的判斷是本論文的主軸，應當也是在討論性犯罪時所不能逃避的問題，這些想法實際操作起來或許是另一回事，但期許至少能夠成為一種溝通的基礎。 關鍵字：性犯罪、偏見、本質、情緒、恐懼、噁心、羞恥、同意、權力、意志

Since the civilization began, the sexual offenses came to the world, and have always caught our attention and brought about our emotion. It’s for sure that the sexual offenses should be stopped, but the fact is that we always have problems when dealing with specific cases which involve grey areas that make a perfect judgment impossible. Therefore, the scholar discussion has never got down after it rose. It seems that, from the view of regulation and practice, the society has certain images in mind for sexual offenses, and these images could be considered a sort of prejudice because they do not always have scientific basis. Notwithstanding, could it be possible that the popular images have something as the essence of sexual offenses we’ve never noticed or recognized? From the interview we discover that the essential harm for the sexual offense victim is the feeling of fear, disgust and shame, which is caused by behaviors connected with “sex”, and compared the customary term “sexual autonomy”, these feelings tell more about what kind of harm the sexual offenses really impose on the victims. However, the grey areas are still not clear yet. If we can all accept the fact that the feelings are actually not more than emotions, and the emotions are definitely subjective, how can we convict a crime solely depending on them? If so, the intimacy between people could fall in total uncertainty. To solve this problem, we need the concept of “valid consent” to decide whether the behavior constitute a crime, and the concept of “power” to examine the validity of consent. However, power exists in all the human relationships, and with its dynamic relationship with the strength of autonomy, the validity of consent got more sophisticated. In spite of that, we still give a simple conclusion, that is: the validity of consent depends on whether the victim was aware of that he will regret his decision. The essential harm of sexual offense and the judgment of the validity of consent mentioned above are not only the issues to be coped with in this thesis, but are also the cores in scholar discussion of sexual offense. How to put these ideas in practice is another question, but at least they could be the foundation of communication. Keywords: Sexual Offense, Prejudice, Essence, Emotion, Fear, Disgust, Shame, Consent, Power, Autonomy.