苗栗四縣客語「悲傷」聲情效應的心理語言學探析

Abstract

聲音與情緒不無關聯，不同的情緒具有不同的聲學特徵(Bachorowski 1999)。本文從心理語言學的角度出發，藉由聽感實驗探討以下課題：一、苗栗四縣客語六個聲調哪些較能引發悲傷情緒。二、時長、音強、基頻、基頻曲線的影響，並進一步了解此四因素 的競存關係。三、悲傷聲情效應是否具有跨語言普遍性。 本實驗受試者分為二組：台灣人組與美國人組。台灣人組受試者共19位，其母語皆為國語且都不會客語。美國人組受試者共11位，母語皆為英語，國語學習經驗平均為26.8個月。實驗材料選用/thun/搭配苗栗四縣客語的四個長調，用/thut/搭配兩個短調，結果均為真字，並依不同目的操弄實驗材料。實驗要求透過兩兩比較(pairwise comparison)擇其較悲者。實驗結果顯示，兩組受試者普遍認為陽平(41)與上聲(53)兩個長降調、時長大(1.5倍>>1倍>>0.5倍)、音強弱(66分貝>>72分貝>>84分貝)、基頻曲線下降的單音節詞較能與悲傷情緒連結。另外，對於兩組受試者而言，是否能夠引發悲傷情緒，基頻曲線這因素似乎比時長重要。 本實驗結果為聲情效應的存在提供有利的證明。兩組實驗結果眾多的一致性似乎反映悲傷聲情效應的「語言普遍性」這個假設。然而，實驗結果的小部分差異，也透露出不同語言文化背景，可能對悲傷聲情效應產生影響。

There is a direct correlation between sounds and meanings. Most investigations have been guided by the assumption that distant patterns associated with discrete emotional states (Bachorowski 1999). The present study has three purposes: the first is to study if there are some Miaoli Sixian Hakka tones sound sadder than others, the second is to find if there are some effects of duration, intensity, fundamental frequency (F0), and F0 contour on sadness symbolism, and if some factors are more important than others, and the third is to see if the correlation between sounds and sadness is cross-linguistic or language-specific. Thirty students served as subjects in the perceptual experiment. Nineteen Mandarin native speakers who are innocent of Miaoli Sixian Hakka and eleven English native speakers. Six monosyllables, /thun/ collocated with four long tones and /thut/ with two checked tones, were recorded and distorted for different purposes. Subjects were told to choose one sound as sadder than the other. The results of the two groups show that the sounds with two long falling tones ( Yangping and Shangsheng), larger duration, weaker intensity, or falling tones sound sadder. Furthermore, F0 contour as a more important factor than duration for both groups. The present study provides additional evidence for the existence of sadness symbolism. The most consistent results with the two groups seem to show that the correlation of sadness symbolism is “universal” and “cross-linguistic”. However, some subtle differences also show the effects of different language culture.