中小企業跨足OEM汽車零件供應鏈

Abstract

汽車工業及零組件工業構成一典型的中衛體系，即中心車廠將零組件外包給一級（1st tier）衛星廠，一級衛星廠再將細部零件轉包給第二級、第三級衛星廠，形成多層次的金字塔型分工結構。而汽車零組件主要可分為原廠組裝使用的零件與售後維修車廠所使用的零件。就零件的銷售管道來看，則可分為OEM（Original Equipment Manufacturing）、ODM（Original Design Manufacturing）、OES（Original Equipment Service）、AM（After Market）等等汽車零件的銷售管道；OES、OEM、ODM 市場為原廠零件市場，AM市場則是售後維修及改裝車使用副廠零件市場。

一般而言，汽車工業是所謂龍頭產業，在可預見的未來，汽車製造業無論是經由整合、結盟、購併等方式來進行產業整頓，其產業的規模依然一直都是極為巨量化，年度高達七千萬台以上的新車與數億台舊車的保修市場，如此數量是維持整個產業規模的最低保障。然而，巨量的生產規模代表的是巨大的資本投入、精細的管理要求與不斷的精實改善，對以中小型企業為主的台灣製造廠商而言，先天上即存在著極高的跨入門檻，如是跨入障礙的存在，在一定程度上保護了原產業供應鏈內的既存供應商，卻也嚴重縮限了中小企業進軍汽車零附件產業的可行性。

故本研究的主要目的是在探討： 1.什麼是OEM汽車零件供應鏈進入障礙的成型原因? 2.面對這些障礙，台灣企業的優勢與劣勢為何？ 3.以台灣中小企業規模而言，哪些方法是克服這些障礙的最佳解答？ 4.面對高跨入門檻的汽車零件供應鏈，企業與政府的最佳策略為何？

為了解上述問題，本研究將透過相關學術期刊之研究、國內業者訪談，加上國外採購商問卷回收，與相關車廠或研究單位統計數據進行交叉比對與分析，從而回答本研究主要探討的四大問題，並從中歸納出中小企業跨足OEM汽車零件供應鏈進入障礙之建議解決模式，最終，並對相關政府與企業單位提出產業策略建議。

關鍵字：OEM汽車零件、TS16949、TIER 1供應商、PPAP、多班制生產、國際供應鏈、產能規劃、綠色車用零件材料、物流成本、汽車零件設計標準化、EDI、SPC、勞資關係、帳務處理與倒帳風險、企業資源整合

The auto and auto parts industry are constructed by a multi-tier supplier chain system. Car makers outsource those system components from their tier 1 suppliers. Then the 1st tier suppliers buy parts from their 2nd and 3rd subcontractors. The global auto parts markets are divided into two main categories, the OEM parts for car makers and the parts for after sell service. The sales channels include OEM（Original Equipment Manufacturing）、ODM（Original Design Manufacturing）、OES（Original Equipment Service）、AM（After Market）and so on. Those OES,OEM,ODM serve for companies like Toyota, GM, Ford.

Generally speaking, the automobile manufacturers are viewed as leaders in industries. In the near future, no matter how those car makers integrate, or merge together, it will not change the reality of that we are talking about huge quantity demand. The seventy millions of annual production, plus hundreds millions used cars, guarantee the scale of the industry. However, this huge number relates to huge investment, precise management and continuous improvement. To Taiwan’s small-sized enterprises, there comes a high entry barrier. Although this barrier protects the existed supplier easily, it will limit the chance for small manufacturers to get involved in such a market.

In this study, the author asks the following four questions： 1.Why do the entry barriers of OEM auto part supply chain appear?

2.What are the advantages and disadvantages for small manufacturers in Taiwan to overcome these entry barriers? 3.What will be the best solutions for small manufacturers in Taiwan to overcome these barriers? 4.What are the best strategies for both manufacturers and Taiwanese government to enter the auto parts supply chain?

In order to answer questions described above, this sturdy is going to do data mining from Periodicals, collects questionnaires from buyers, and researches data from car makers and local scholars. The study will compare those data and analysis the results, so to find possible answers to those four questions. Finally, the study will also try to locate a good strategy to deal with these entry barriers and suggest the related parties a possible industry’s solution.