標題: 「瀏覽」還是「搜尋」:探討認知處理模式對注意力捕捉的影響
“Browsing” versus “Searching”-Influence of processing mode on attentional capture
作者: 許孟琪
Hsu, Meng-Chi
陶振超
Tao, Chen-Chao
傳播研究所
關鍵字: 注意力捕捉;特徵搜尋模式;眼球追蹤;處理模式;陳列式廣告;新奇偵測模式;搜尋╱瀏覽;antinational capture;browsing/searching;display advertisement;eye tracking;feature search mode;processing mode;singleton detection mode
公開日期: 2009
摘要:   人在網路上的行為分為「瀏覽」與「搜尋」兩種:「瀏覽」是一種無目標的觀看行為,其較相似於過去的電視觀看;然而,「搜尋」行為則是存在特定觀看目標,更值得注意的是,搜尋行為占了大多數的網路使用比例。而「瀏覽」與「搜尋」這兩種不同的網路使用行為,其下所運作的資訊「處理模式」分別稱為:「新奇偵測模式」與「特徵搜尋模式」。首先,當使用者身處無目的瀏覽時,就進入了「新奇偵測模式」,也就是人的注意力會被導引到對比強烈的特定區塊,使得畫面上看起來較為顯眼的新奇物件(singleton)會捕捉人的注意力;此時,新奇廣告設計容易產生效果。但當使用者具有特定的搜尋、觀看目標時,就進入了「特徵搜尋模式」,人的注意力在此時會被導引到符合特定搜尋、觀看特徵的物件上,使得新奇廣告失去效果,反而是符合搜尋目標的廣告才能捕捉使用者的注意力。   本研究之實驗一、二探討不同新奇程度(新奇╱非新奇)的廣告設計在兩種處理模式(新奇偵測模式╱特徵搜尋模式)下,注意力捕捉的效果。從實驗一、二的結果發現:身處新奇偵測模式時,新奇(顯眼)廣告的效果不如預期,即使在使用者不具任何觀看目標的狀態下,新奇廣告卻還是未能捕捉注意力;其顯示,顯眼的設計並無法具有捕捉注意力的絕對優勢。而在特徵搜尋模式下,符合指導語所給予的搜尋╱觀看目標的廣告物件,會有強烈的注意力捕捉效果;其顯示,當保存一定目標於工作記憶中,並尋找該物件時,若畫面上出現符合該物件特徵的廣告便能夠吸引人的注意力。   除了探討「處理模式」與廣告「新奇性」兩變項外,本研究在實驗二時加入了「呈現特徵」此變項。此概念援引自心理學上的「呈現特徵條件式指向假設」,其認為,當受測者以某種期待監控畫面上的物件出現方式時,例如:期待目標畫面上的物件會以「突然出現」的方式呈現,則在目標畫面出現前,若有線索物件同樣以「突然出現」的方式呈現,則會捕捉人的注意力至該線索物件的位置上。本研究以此為基礎進行廣告的設計,即當滑鼠移過搜尋結果的任一產品物件時,廣告會與該物件同時出現一個5 像素(pixels)寬的紅色框框,以建立這兩種物件間呈現特徵的相關性。此操弄出現非常強烈的主效果;再度顯示,「相關性」這個概念-無論是來自於與搜尋目標的相關(內容特徵)或是外來增加的呈現特徵的相關性(結構特徵),對於注意力捕捉效果均極具關 鍵性。   過去,網路廣告研究幾乎都忽略了兩種處理模式的差異,因此,希望透過本文,清楚區分出使用者在不同網路使用行為時的處理模式,進而釐清廣告效果不一致的情況,為實證研究提供更多的理論基礎。並提出未來在實務上,操作網路廣告時應該以符合搜尋特徵的方式來進行廣告設計,並且加入呈現特徵的概念來加強廣告效果。
  Mediated message processing on the Internet can be classified into two types, browsing and searching.“Browsing” is aimlessly looking and similar to what we do when we watch TV. On the other hand, we have to keep targets in mind when we “search.” Moreover, the two types of information behaviors rely on different cognitive processing modes, named “singleton detection mode (SDM)” and “feature search mode (FSM)”. The processing mode will influence attentional capture differently. When people browse, they tend to adopt singleton detection mode. Because there is no target in mind, the attention will be directed to the high contrast location. Under this condition, salient advertisements will capture attention. When people search, they draw on feature search mode. There are targets in mind, so attention will be directed to the location conforming to the targets. In this situation, the advertisement with target characteristics will capture attention.   Two experiments were used to explore the attentional capture of different types of advertisement (singleton/relevant) under two processing mode. These experiments show that, singleton couldn’t capture attention under SDM at all. Even when people browse aimlessly, they still ignore the salient advertisement. It reveals that the design of salient advertisements doesn’t have absolute advantage. By contrast, the advertisement conforming to the target in mind capture attention more.   In addition, in experiment 2, we add a new independent variable, named “appearance feature”. This concept comes from the “Displaywide Contingent Orienting Hypothesis (DCOH)”. The hypotrhesis areguts that, if people monitor the target display with some expectation (e.g., they think that the display will show in the form of abrupt onset), the distracter appear in the same way will capture attention. We modified the concept and used it to design our stimuli: when people mouse over an object, the object and advertisement will be surrounded by 5 pixel and red rectangles simultaneously. The results show that appearance feature has main effect. Once more, it demonstrates thatthe relevance of target characteristics or appearance is able to capture attention.   In the past, research on Web advertisements often neglects the difference between processing modes. By clarifying the distinct behaviors, we can know more about the underlying mechanism when we process information on the Internet and solve conflicting results of advertisement effects. We also contribute to how to design effective advertisements on the Web.
URI: http://140.113.39.130/cdrfb3/record/nctu/#GT079741503
http://hdl.handle.net/11536/45687
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