年輕客家女性的族群認同與性別角色經驗

Abstract

長期以來，客家女性的圖像在過往歷史的塑造下，在大眾心目中形成了既定的刻板印象，人們以特定的美德特質作為界定客家女性身分的描述，實則客家女性並非靜止的同質性整體，其特質亦非凝滯不變的，而是一個個活潑潑的生命所呈現的動態集合，研究客家女性時，必須考慮階級、世代間的差異及女性的自我定位。 從現代客家女性經驗的關懷作為起點，本研究關注的焦點為在現代社會裡，接受高等教育薰陶的年輕客家女性在成長過程中，其性別角色下的族群認同與生活經驗，面對客家傳統社會性別角色期待與現代女性思潮的影響，個人在與所處社會脈絡交會時所產生的火花。本研究透過小樣本、深入探討個別化內在經驗的質性研究方式，針對目前居於都市中的年輕客家女性進行深度訪談，將所得內容做出分析歸納。 研究發現，在與時代、環境對話的過程中，由於世代變遷帶來的迥異成長經驗，年輕客家女性在現代社會中的經歷確實是有別於刻板印象中的傳統客家女性身影，明顯表現於女性意識的發展與女性地位的提升上，她們重新檢視與定義傳統美德的合宜性，且著重於突顯「自我」的主體概念，彰顯出客家女性的能動性。但客家族群在現代社會中的隱形身分卻讓年輕客家女性的族群認同顯得模糊而徬徨，產生現實與情感上的矛盾，在面對客家延續與傳承上亦呈現深沉的無力感。 希冀透過研究對象個體生命故事的討論，反映出現代都市社會中年輕一輩客家女性的經歷與思維，呈現客家女性的另一種模樣，豐富客家女性面貌。

For a long time, Hakka women's image molded by the history has formed the fixed stereotype. People define the description of Hakka women’s identity by the characteristics of specific virtues. However, in fact, Hakka women are not a stationary homogeneous whole.The characteristics of Hakka women are changeable with time, and it is a dynamic set presented by each one's lively life. Therefore, research lunched on Hakka women has to take into consideration the differences among social classes, generations, and the feminine self-concept. From the view of the concern of the modern Hakka women's experiences, the focuses of this research are the ethnic identity and life experience in the course of the young and higher educated Hakka women’s growth, and the influence of facing their gender role expectation between the traditional Hakka society and modern feminism trend. The research method applied in this study is in-depth discussions about the inner experience of the individualization of small samples. In-depth interviews were conducted with the young Hakka women residing in the city, and the obtained content were then analyzed. According to the research, the experiences of young Hakka women in modern society are different from traditional stereotype of Hakka women because of the generation change. This is shown obviously in the development of women's awareness and the promotion of women’s status. They redefine the adaptability of traditional virtues, and focus on highlighting the main concept of “self” and young Hakka women’s initative. However, the invisible identity in the modern society makes the ethnic identity of young Hakka women vague and indecisive. Thus, it lead to contradictions between reality and emotion, and also deep powerlessness with the inheritance of Hakka culture. Through the discussions of the individual life stories, this research is expected to reflect the experience and thinking of the younger generation of Hakka women in the modern urban society, to represent Hakka women by another pattern, and to enrich the features of Hakka women.