國內貨櫃短程航運運輸之研究與外部成本分析

Abstract

高雄港由於自然條件優越以及港內腹地遼闊，有很好的競爭優勢，是台灣主要的國際貿易港口。台灣貨源多集中在北部地區，而北部主要的國際貿易港口為基隆港，基隆港雖然是天然港灣，但是港內腹地有限且聯外運輸系統較不方便，港口的服務容量和水準都無法負荷；相較之下，高雄港有更好的服務容量，因此目前造成了大量的「北櫃南運」、「南櫃北運」的內陸交通運輸。若使用包括短程航運運輸的複合運輸系統，則能將貨櫃流量由內陸轉移至水路，如此可以疏緩內陸公路的交通擁擠情況，並且可以降低因為密集的車流所帶來的環境問題和減少外部成本。 因此本研究建立了一個複合運輸模型來了解台灣國內貨櫃在港口與各縣市之間的移動，模擬分析內陸貨櫃車運輸與水路短程航運運輸之間的運具和路線選擇。並探討在不同的提升短程航運措施，包括外部成本內部化及短程航運優惠靠泊制度等，對整體貨櫃運輸的流量分佈和內外部成本的改變。根據不同的情境，計算並分析推動短程航運運輸政策前後使用貨櫃車與短程航運兩種運具分別所造成的外部成本，探討在運輸政策對貨櫃貨運業的影響。 本研究的結果顯示，適當的推動使用短程航運運輸政策來轉運貨櫃，確實是可以降低環境成本以及空氣汙染物與二氧化碳的排放量。當外部成本內部化比率為20%，同時短程航運在港口的作業時間和成本能降低20%，可提升短程航運量至757,658TEU，貨櫃移動所產生的外部成本由每年639.79百萬美元減少至每年536.87百萬美元。

The Kaohsiung port located at the south of Taiwan is a major international trading port, as it has a good natural conditions and competitive advantages. However, most of the cargos supply and demand are concentrated in the northern area of Taiwan, and the northern area international trading port is the Keelung port. The Keelung port is a natural port, but with limited hinterland and relative poor accessibility, the port capacity and service level are low. In contrast to the Keelung port, the Kaohsiung port can provide better capacity and service level. As a result, there is a large amount of North-to-South and South-to-North container movement thought the inland transportation system. Intermodal transportation system with Short Sea Shipping is thought to be able to relieve this issue, by transferring the container flow from inland to waterway. This can reduce the freeway congestion and the environmental problem due to the high density of traffic, and furthermore, the external costs can be reduced. This study establishes a model with empirical data to investigate Taiwan's domestic containers movement between the ports and cities, and the model can be able to simulate the choices of mode and route of freight transportation. With the model we analyze various policy measures promoting the usage of intermodal transport and Short Sea Shipping, such as internalization of external costs of freights, priority berthing and cost reducing for short sea shipping. Our finding shows that the short sea shipping promotion policy can effectively reduce the environment cost, such as air pollutions and CO2 emissions. For instance, when 20% of external cost is internalized and port costs are reduced by 20%, the amount of transship containers using short sea shipping is increased to 757,658TEU, and the external cost due to the container movement can be reduced from US$ 639.79 million to US$ 536.87 million.