網路表象之後：緬甸僑生在台跨文化衝突與糾葛

Abstract

跨國求學的留學生，到一個國家時不僅要維護自己的原文化，也要學習陌生的主文化，此時會發生所謂跨文化的溝通問題與衝突。本研究主要目的在於探討傳播科技作為賦權之可能性，論述線下原文化與主文化的真實生活面貌，藉此來瞭解海外旅居者的文化認同衝突、跨文化溝通經驗，以及在社交平台上的身份建構策略等。 本研究以緬甸僑生經驗為基礎，研究如何透過傳播科技解決跨文化衝擊，以及探討傳播科技賦權的可能性。本文以深度訪談法瞭解受訪者本身遭遇的文化衝擊；並藉由實際觀察緬甸僑生Facebook上與好友的互動與溝通狀況，做為資料的輔助。 研究發現，受訪者在原文化真實線下的生活裡，為了維護與避免剝落原屬於自己的「雲南性」，而與「緬甸人」主動劃清界線，互相認定是不同族群、國民的人；當地緬甸人將華僑稱為「中國人」，華僑將緬甸人稱為「老緬」。因此，緬甸華僑在原文化裡就已有跨文化溝通與跨文化衝突之經驗，而為了脫離跨文化衝突，來台留學是其中的原因之一。然而，來台後因為原文化與主文化之間文化脈絡、社會經濟、教育制度等差距，從原本中上階級地位者轉移成為社會經濟地位弱勢者，被誤稱為是「緬甸人」。此外，本研究也發現，跨文化衝擊的階段（興奮期、挫折期、調適期、整合期）不是一個循環的過程，而是直線性進行方式，但也因個人原文化的家庭情境、在台生活地區的人文習俗等因素而會有所殊異。 受訪者在社交平台裡，與好友的溝通狀況，如同線下生活般可分為三種溝通類別：第一，以主文化為主的互動溝通；第二，以原文化為主的互動溝通；第三，同時與主、原文化好友的互動溝通取得平衡。雖然在同一個溝通情境裡結合原、主文化的好友，但因為受訪者使用的語言（緬文、雲南話）與主題性等，拉近原文化好友之間的關係，區隔與主文化好友之間的關係。因此，社交平台確實跨越地理、時間與空間，拉近身處在不同地區原文化好友之間的距離，再次鞏固原有的社會網絡。同時，受訪者在社交平台裡透過視覺及敘述性的身份建構方式，將自我的身份認同轉變為「緬甸（人）」。原因在於，受訪者在尋求自我身份認同時，乃是以自己熟悉的原文化（緬甸文化）建構自我。

When intercultural sojourners face the dilemma of copying unfamiliar host culture and maintaining home culture, the intercultural communication problems and culture shocks will occur. This study explored the possibility of technology empowerment in the intercultural communication on social network site (SNS), and interpreted the off-line reality in home and host cultures. The sojourners’ conflicts of cultural identity, experiences of intercultural communication and representation of on-line identities were studied. Based on the experience of Myanmar Overseas Chinese student in Taiwan, this study explored how the communication technologies could be the useful tools to solve the culture shocks and discussed the possibility of technology empowerment. We employed the in-depth interview to understand the shocks interviewees encountered. We also used the observation on the interviewees’ interaction and communication with friends on Facebook as auxiliary information. We found that back in the Myanmar interviewees demarcated themselves from the locals in order to preserve their Yunnanese culture. They were identified as Chinese in Myanmar. Therefore, Myanmar overseas Chinese had experiences of intercultural communication problems and culture shocks even in their home culture. One of the ways to get rid of the culture conflict was to study in Taiwan. However, they became the economically underprivileged group due to the discrepancies in cultural structures, social economics and education systems. They were called Burmese in Taiwan. Besides, we also found that the stages of culture shocks (euphoria, disillusionment and frustration, adjustment and integration periods) were not a cyclic process but a line, which varied with home experiences and regions. The communication situations of interviewees on the internet social platform and in the off-line life can be divided into three types: a) Host culture-based interaction; b) Home culture-based interaction; c) the combination between the two types. Although in a communication situation where they contact friends from both home and host culture, interviewees use the languages and the subjects (Burmese and Yunnan dialects) to differentiate themselves from the host culture friends because they tend to construct their identities with the familiar home culture. Social network site can be used as useful technology tool to maintain the connection and interaction with the home culture people in different regions.