標題: 抽水地層下陷有限元素模式
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model for Land Displacements due to Pumping
作者: 盧瑞興
Ruey-Hsing Lu
葉弘德
Hund-Der Yeh
土木工程學系
關鍵字: 地下水、地層下陷、有限元素法;Groundwater, Land Displacements, Finite Element method
公開日期: 1994
摘要: 本論文探討假設地下水層為具橫斷面等向性的彈性多孔介質,建立地層下 陷數學模式,以耦合飽和╱未飽和地下水流方程式及靜力平衡方程式,來 描述拘限或非拘限含水層,因水壓降低所導致的土壤介質沉陷行為。於靜 力平衡方程式中,考慮徹體力的改變於飽和或未飽和含水層的影響。利用 有限元素法,發展三維度的地層下陷數值模式,以模擬、分析因抽取地下 水而造成的地層下陷╱位移問題。於推導大區域地層下陷模式的步驟時, 假設土壤介質為具等向性的彈性多孔介質,對該耦合性方程,做整個含水 層的深度積分。假設在無外力荷重的情況下,得到包含深度平均變形及水 壓二個變數的耦合性方程。在靜力平衡方程式中,考慮徹體力的存在,可 避免Bear與Corapcioglu 所做的許多假設與繁雜的推演過程,特別在非拘 限含水層的情況,可容易地導得大區域地層下陷的數學模式。依導得的解 析解,分析在拘限含水層情形時,與他們的結果相同;但在非拘限含水層 時,發現他們的最後方程式是不正確的。所導得的解析解中,顯示除水壓 洩降外,水壓洩降區內土壤介質徹體力的改變,亦是影響非拘限含水層抽 水地層下陷的主因。利用所發展的有限元素數值模式,分別進行拘限、非 拘限、及半無限域含水層抽水地層下陷的模擬,並與解析解比較,來驗證 此數值模式。同時,亦模擬飽和╱未飽和地下水層抽水地層下陷的問題。 模式模擬的結果顯示,於水平及╱或垂直方向無限延伸地下水層抽水,引 致的地層下陷問題時,模式所推估的土壤介質位移,受遠處邊界位置的設 定值所影響。若遠處邊界位置選取適當時,模擬所得的結果,會與解析解 吻合。模擬非拘限含水層抽水時,若忽略徹體力的改變量,會低估垂直方 向的位移及高估水平方向的位移,故應將物體力改變的影響,納入模式內 。此外,模擬的結果亦顯示,抽水地層下陷的行為,會受土壤介質內的應 力狀態、力學性質、及地下水層具等向性或橫斷面等向性的水流性質所影 響。利用雲林地區地下水水位記錄,及1981至1989年間水準測量所測得地 表累積的下陷量,與本模式模擬的結果做比對,藉由試誤法來調整現地地 質參數,進行雲林地區抽水地層下陷問題的模擬,並進行至1998年的模擬 預測。模擬結果顯示,沿海地區水平方向累積位移量,明顯大於垂直方向 的累積位移量。由於現場量測只有垂直下陷量的數據,因此模擬所得海岸 線有顯著退縮的現象,並無法獲得證實。除海岸抽砂外,超抽地下水水位 下降時,所造成土壤介質的水平位移,也可能是造成海岸線退縮的原因。 The purpose of this thesis is to develop a general Galerkin finite element model for simulating the land displacements due to groundwater pumping. Three-dimensional equations of equilibrium (force balance) and flow in porous media were coupled to describe land displacements that occur as a result of the pressure decline in aquifers. A Galerkin finite element model based on these equations was developed. The saturated/ unsaturated behavior and the isotropic/cross-anisotropic properties of the permeability and elasticity were considered when the model was formulated. The change in the body force in saturated and unsaturated zones of aquifers was considered in the equilibrium equation. The proposed finite element model was verified by comparing its simulation results with those of known analytical solutions for simplified cases. The simulation of displacements due to pressure decline in unsaturated media was also preformed. Those results demonstrated that the choice of boundary ranges for an aquifer with infinite domain may significantly affect the estimated horizontal and vertical displacements. To obtain a good estimation of land displacements, the boundary ranges should be carefully chosen. Simulation results also indicated that the change in body force should be considered once an unconfined aquifer has been pumped. Otherwise, the horizontal displacement and vertical displacement in unconfined aquifers would be overestimated and underestimated, respectively. The behavior of land displacements due to pumping was shown to be affected by the change in the total stresses in aquifers and depend on the isotropic/cross-anisotropic properties of the aquifer elasticity and permeability.
URI: http://140.113.39.130/cdrfb3/record/nctu/#NT830015063
http://hdl.handle.net/11536/58758
顯示於類別:畢業論文