建築設計中的創造力-設計思考過程中草圖角色之探討

Abstract

一般創造力已有許多領域都在進行探討，但針對設計來進行實證研究者仍少。本研究之主要目的在探討建築設計中的創造力，這也是設計思考中的最重要也是最關鍵的部分。 實驗方法是一個三階段的實驗。第一階段是開放的實驗，在限制條件最少的情況下，對四種不同設計經驗者進行設計實驗。經五位專家挑選出其中約10%的最有創造力的設計作品，作為第二階段限制實驗的部分受測者。限制的實驗，針對限制條件極多設計問題，對上一階段所選出的創造力強的設計者，和從創造力較弱中的設計者隨機選出三位作為對照的受測者，來進行設計實驗。實驗結果請五位專家來共同選出一位最有創造力者，作為第三階段的受測者。第三個階段是口語實驗，設計題目是由受測者從三份題目中自選一份來作答的，設計過程均以錄影機將全程錄下，並請設計者將其思考過程大聲說出來。受測過程中會產生大量的口語資料和設計草圖，經過資料整理配對之後，找出和創造力有關者，再和現有的相關理論進行驗證。 經由實驗結果有十點發現，創造力強的設計者，主要是：不僅是在解決問題而已，更重視發現問題；對設計目標能持續到底；設計創造力有五過程；思考和草圖是一種對話關係；大草圖和小草圖的密集對話；構想到草圖是從抽象到具象的過程；設計思考為看和移動的循環；設計的分析和綜合有交集而非截然分開；轉變階段是設計創造力最關鍵的時段；專家知識是設計創造力的必要情況。 經由評審過程有五點發現：找出評審者所認為的創造力強的評定標準；找出評審者所認為的創造力薄弱的評定標準；兩階段評審過程有一致性；評審者對建築師受測者的評價有待進一步探討；對挑選一位創造力最強的設計者，評審意見有分岐現象。

Creativity has long been a common issue in many research fields. However, the viewpoints of creativity are still too general and controversial. The nature of design activities is a creative process. In this paper, I aim toward exploring creativity in the process of architectural design. Architectural designing involves the use of a range of study drawings. It is proposed that there are relationships between study drawings and creativity, although the role of study drawings in the process of design thinking remains unclear. Some regard study drawings as a method of evoking information, while others regard them as a tool to record data. The main purpose of this paper is to explore creativity in the process of design thinking and the relationships between study drawings and design creativity. The secondary purpose of this study attempts to develop a theoretical model of creativity in architectural design, and to reveal the key role of study drawings in the design process. To study creativity in archiectural design, I use protocol analysis to emphasize the qualitative side. The methodology used in this study is based primarily upon qualitative research. This protocol study consists of two major parts. First part is a three-stage experiment: 1) The first 10% unusual projects in a simple design task were found out in 30 different experience designers. 2) Five selected novel designers and three random non-novel designers take place a more complex design task. In this stage, I use video tapes to record the whole design process. 3) The most creative subjects selected from the former stage hold a design task. At the same time I ask him think-aloud and use video tapes to record the whole process. Second part is a theoretical analysis, includes encoding of processed data, mapping, and analysis based on encoding. Protocol studies are reported in which the creativity from creative designers is explored and compared with several protocols from non-creative designers. Some major findimgs from experiments show that creativity is closely related to problem-finding, patient search, interaction between study drawings, a process from abstract to solid, seeing-moving-seeing cycle, transformation process, expertise. The other findimgs from evaluating process show that there are many criteria to creative subjects commonly accepted by these experts, but there is a conflicting condition to the most creative subject. Finally, certain weaknesses and limitations of this study are discussed.