產業創新政策對台灣石化產業競爭力之探討

Abstract

本研究提出一政府政策與產業發展之分析模式以協助瞭解政府產業創 新政策對產業競爭力之實質影響。 此模式結合了Porter的「國家競爭優 勢」、Freeman的「國家創新系統」、Carlsson的「科技系統」、 Rothwell和Zegveld的「創新政策工具」， 以及影響產業競爭的關鍵成功 因素等五大相關理論及概念。 本研究假設國家創新系統是連接全球產業科技與國內產業科技之重要介質 ，政府利用創新政策工具強化國家創新系統，進而強化產業經營之關鍵成 功因素，而後者正是促成產業發展的最大動力。在實證產業方面，本研究 探討我國石化產業之的相關政府創新政策、產業創新系統及產業關鍵成功 因素之關連性，同時分析創新政策對產業產出的影響，以驗證此模式的實 用性。 最初研究結果發現，我國石化產業的發展持續處於「低成本營運」的競爭 領域。產業發展階段（民國65-74年）， 政府的創新政策措施，如「工業 區開發辦法」提供石化設廠的土地的來源，對於培養「垂直整合能力」的 關鍵成功因素有很大的助益；「獎勵投資條例」的五年免稅優惠，使得業 者增加擴充生產規模與引進技術的資金來源，則助於「規模經濟優勢」的 提昇。 產業瓶頸階段（民國75-迄今）， 政府創新政策與前階段相較無太大的差 異，如「工業區開發」，受到環境因素的影響如環保，使得工業的開發， 採行「離島工業區」的開發方式。此外，此階段政府的「工業污染防治辦 法」等措施，阻礙廠商在「規模經濟優勢」上的提昇。故此階段政府創新 政策，在環境面因素的影響下，如社區環保抗爭、土地成本上漲等，使得 政策工具對產業關鍵成功因素的影響無法彰顯，故此階段產業的年成長率 出現負值。 This paper aims at investigating the impacts of Taiwan*s governmentinnovation policies on the development of the petrochemical industry. Ananalytical model was established for evaluating the effectiveness of theinnovation policy for the industrial development. This model was assimilatedfrom five major theories, namely, Porter's "Competitive Advantage of Nations",Freeman's "National Innovation System", Carlsson's "Technological System", Rothwell and Zegveld's "instruments of assessing innovation policy", and theconcept of critical success factors in industrial competition. To verify the validity of this model, we investigated the impact of policyinstruments on the development of the petrochemical industry. This modelhelped correlate government*s innovation policies and economic performance.The results show that there is an interdependency between global industrytechnology and national technological infrastructure, and this interdependencyinfluenced the effectiveness of national innovation system, the key successfactor at the firm level, resulting in economic growth of the industry. It was found that there was a correlation between national innovationsystem and KSFs of the firms in the industry. The critical policy instrumentsfor the development of Taiwan*s petrochemical industry were the financialsystem, factor conditions, and the private R&D organization in nationalinnovation system and these factors affecting Taiwan*s petrochemical firm*sKSFs such as production and procurement of raw materials, capability ofproduction process, efficiency of production, and capabilities of verticalintegration. It was assumed that there was a link between global and nationalindustrial technology developments,and the linking mechanism the nationalinnovation system, which included the government policy, nationaltechnological infrastructure, and national competitive environment. It is thenational innovation system that strengthens the competitive advantage of thefirm, leading to the industrial growth. It was also found that the success ofindustrial development depends on the establishment of KSFs, which in turn area function of both government*s innovation policy and industrial structure. Itis those policies that help establish industry*s KSFs, and strengthenindustrial structure, and contribute most to the successfulness of industrialdevelopment.