大尺寸房間內裝材料及傢俱燃燒特性之研究

Abstract

本研究是針對KTV包廂房間內常用的包襯傢俱與內裝材料，進行傢 俱燃燒試驗和大尺寸房間火災燃燒試驗，以了解其綜合燃燒特性。 傢俱燃燒試驗部分將透過引燃源試驗從三種BS 5852小火焰引燃源 中決定出適當的引燃源形式，並以此引燃源模擬火災初期的小火源， 接著使用傢俱量熱儀(Furniture calorimeter)和房間量熱儀(Room calorimeter)進行火災行為試驗，藉此了解傢俱相關的火災行為(Fire behavior)。 大尺寸房間火災試驗則是以國際標準ISO 9705測試法為基礎，再 依常見裝修工法施作，並透過先前各種相關小尺寸防火性能試驗的結 果，節選出三種最佳的材料組合，再以標準引燃源模擬火災成長期的 大火，源進行大尺寸試驗以充分了解這些材料在接近真實使用(End-use) 條件下其燃燒特性為何。 試驗結果發現，單張一般沙發在房間量熱儀中測得熱釋放率峰值 會比在傢俱量熱儀中所得的高出1.22倍。在大尺寸房間火災試驗結果 方面，在本研究的試驗條件下，石膏板與防焰壁紙的組合經試後的比 較顯得具有較佳的防火性能；矽酸鈣板組由於在試驗過程中曾發生矽 酸鈣板爆裂的情形而鎂板組則因本身熱傳導係數較高等特性所致，兩 組的背溫都特別高，極可能因此引發在天花板後方其他可燃物如電線、 電纜或空調設備材料的燃燒，亦可能造成其他房間甚至其他樓層也跟 著被引發燃燒，使得火災大幅蔓延的機會大增。在另一方面也由於太 酸鈣板組和鎂板組背溫過高，在天花板部份似乎並不適宜使用木 構造工法(使用角材施作)，否則角材將可能起火燃燒，而且燃燒的角材恐 將無法繼續發揮固定住天花板的功能，同樣增加了火災大幅蔓延擴大 的機會。但因本研究的試驗次數有限，仍須進行更進一步的試驗方可 確認其適當性。 在本研究中發現TEST2矽酸鈣板組矽酸鈣板發生爆裂和TEST3鎂板 組背溫過高的情形，這在小尺寸試驗中並未加以考慮，建議CNS 6532 表面試驗法對於背面溫度及裂縫的考量應再以加深入地探討。

This research carries out two kinds of large scale tests: one is furniture burning test; the other is the ISO 9705 fire room text. They serve as the preliminary study for the real scale KTV burning room tests. The main goal is to understand the combustion behaviors when the room, such as the KTV room, is decorated with wall furnishing materials and furniture. Via these test procedures, resutls and experience, we can properly design the real-scale fire room tests. In the furniture burning test, first we select an appropriate ignition source from three kinds of pilot flames, which comply to BS 5852 standard. Then, we use this chosen pilot flame as the ignition source for the burning tests of the sofa in the furniture calorimeter and room calorimeter to investigate its burning characteristics under the different environments. In the ISO burning room tests, we select three composite materials, which the wall material is covered by a sheet of wall paper (area density is approximately 215 g/m2), as the interior furnishing for testing. These composite materials are tested in advance by bench scale fire performance testing apparatuses, such as surface test apparatus, cone calorimeter, etc.. The construction method is exactly the same as what the real KTV store is commonly used. Then we use the propane turner to simulate the intensive power output as in the real are situation in order to understand the combustion behaviors of these materials in an approximate end-use conditions. From the test results, we find that the peak of heat release rate for a single sofa burning in the room is about 1.22 times of that in free burning condition. In the ISO 9705 burning room tests, the composite material of gypsum board and fire retardant wall paper has the best fire protection behavior. The composite, which using calcium silicate board as the base material, is found broken as the power output of propane burner is increased to 300KW which results in a very high back temperature. Similar behavior is found for magnesia board due to its thin thickness and high conductivity. These high back temperatures can make the combustible materials behind the ceiling, such as the wires or air condition pipes, to be ignited to increase the hazard of fire spread. Also this high back temperature will not allow the use of wooden construction behind the ceiling, otherwise, the wood will be ignited to combustion which cannot support the ceiling and result in the hazardous fire spread. From above findings in the large scale tests, we conclude that the bench scale standard test, CNS 6532 (Surface test), should examine the effects of back temperature and the breakage, which now are not taken into consideration for the final certification of the fire performance evaluation.