海運複合運輸公司提供快速運送之服務策略與市場分析

Abstract

國際海洋貨物運輸由於貨櫃化的日漸普及，與及門服務的運輸需求日增，使得單一運具已不能符合實際運輸的需要，漸而形成海運陸運運具整合之勢。近年來，國際貿易日趨熱絡，貨主為提高貨物在國際間的競爭力，除了提昇生產技術外，另一方面透過快速運送方式降低貨物運輸時間與成本，亦為使貨物在國際的市場上更具競爭力的利器。故運輸業者在承運貨物的運輸過程中，如有良好規劃與完善的控制，將可有效的控制營運成本。如此不僅降低了貨物的運輸成本，使貨主的貨物在國際市場上更具有競爭力。 本研究以國際海運的複合運輸為研究對象，利用解析性方法，分析貨物於運送過程中透過不同運具轉運的相關成本。並根據成本分析構建海運複合運輸公司運送服務策略規劃模式及載運組合子模式，進一步再分析貨主的需求特性，對海運複合運輸公司提供快速運送之服務策略及載運組合的影響。於需求面考慮貨主貨物價值、運送時間等因素，以運輸成本與存貨成本最小為目標，構建貨主選擇運送服務策略之數學式。在供給面則考慮海運複合運輸公司營運船舶、貨櫃流量、運送距離等因素，構建海運複合運輸公司提供運送服務策略的規劃模式。在內陸運送階段，以內陸轉運成本及存貨成本最小為原則，構建載運組合規劃子模式。進一步並在供需互動架構下，以最大利潤為目標，求解運送服務策略規劃模式。 研究結果顯示，就貨主而言，由於選擇最適運送服務策略，得以降低其所負擔的總成本。且當貨種的時間價值較高時，貨主將傾向選擇快速運送服務方案託運貨櫃；而在內陸運送階段的距離愈長，貨主則會傾向以一般運送之服務策略託運貨櫃。另一方面就海運複合運輸公司而言，當航線貨運市場為高時間價值貨種的貨櫃量佔該航線總貨櫃量的比例較高時，海運複合運輸公司提供快速運送服務策略的市場利基愈大，可擬定的海運差別定價愈高，且快速運送服務策略相對較適用於遠洋航線。本研究可提供海運複合運輸公司因應市場狀況研擬快速運送服務策略，以同時提升貨主與海運複合運輸公司在市場上之競爭優勢。

In recent year, owing to rapid developments in the international commerce, shippers and the marine intermodal carrier both are making every effort to decrease the transport time and cost to enhance their competitive advantages. The single mode transportation service can not completely satisfy the actual transportation demand, due to the prevalence of the container transportation and the need for door to door service in international ocean freight transport. Therefore, there is a trend to combine and integrate various transportation service modes to provide door to door intermodal services. This study develops analytical models on estimating markets, costs, and on proposing operation strategies for express and standard shipping services provided by a marine intermodal carrier. The shipping alternative choice model assumes shippers with different demand characteristics choose the alternative with the least transportation and inventory costs between express and standard shipping services. The study considers container size, speed, service frequency, and the distance of shipping destination to construct a shipping service strategy model by maximizing the operations’ profits. The inland transshipment shipping model assumes the marine intermodal carrier chooses the alternative with the least inland transportation and inventory costs between rails and trucks for shippers. Furthermore, the demand-supply interactions between the marine intermodal carrier and shippers are analyzed by integrating three submodel. The results of this study show that shippers shipping high-value freights tend to select express shipping service. The sensitivity analysis of the model shows that the express shipping service will be more necessary when the average value of shipping freight in the market raises. In addition, the railroad transshipment shipping will increase when the value of shipments decrease or the shipping destination is close to railroad terminal. The result of the study shows that both shippers and the marine intermodal carrier can markedly cut down their costs and enhance their competitive advantages with express shipping services.