標題: | 極微濾薄膜模廠操作與積垢控制技術之探討 Operation and Fouling Control in the Nanofiltration Membrane Pilot Plant |
作者: | 黃財榮 Tsai-Rong Huang 陳重男 Dr. Jong-Nan Chen 環境工程系所 |
關鍵字: | 極微濾薄膜;模型廠試驗;抑垢劑;水洗膜體;藍色飽和指標;Nanofiltration;Pilot Plant Testing;antiscalant;flush;LSI |
公開日期: | 2000 |
摘要: | 近年來,由於社會大眾對於飲用水水質的要求逐漸提升與相關法規標準日趨嚴格,僅靠傳統的淨水處理程序已逐漸感受到不足,高級淨水程序之開發日益迫切,其中極微濾(Nanofiltration)薄膜程序於淨水工程上極具發展之潛力與研究之價值,目前已被廣泛用於國外許多淨水場之高級處理,而國內對此一研究仍屬葫芽階段,因此本研究根據美國ICR對薄膜研究之規範進行「模型廠試驗(Pilot plant testing)」,以新竹第一淨水場作為研究場址進行NF薄膜之現場試驗與評估。
我們設計了八個流程,分別探討物理式前處理(5μm、活性碳的匣式過濾器)和化學式前處理(鹽酸、抑垢劑、焦亞硫酸鈉)對系統操作和積垢形態產生的影響,並研究水洗膜體(flush)的必要性和選擇性,且針對藥洗時機和藥洗劑種類作一選擇,而在廢水排放上亦評估其是否能符合自來水廠廢水排放標準,再針對提高回收率作一可行性評估,並將膜廠操作期間水質污染指標的去除率作一統合,且說明各流程之水質量傳輸係數(MTCw)衰減圖和清洗頻率;濾液的穩定性則利用藍式飽和指標(LSI)來檢測,且分析濃縮液的藍式飽和指標判斷積垢產生的潛能,最後利用掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)顯示薄膜積垢的型態。
研究結果顯示,5μm匣式過濾器可去除大量濁度,且在47小時的有效使用期限內可將飼流水之SDI值控制在5以內,而其所能處理的水量為240噸/ m2;活性碳可去除餘氯,其有效使用時限為46小時,但若水廠原水氨氮量太大,則水廠前加氯量亦會增大,因此無法將飼流水餘氯有效降至0.1mg/l以下;而鹽酸、抑垢劑的添加並不能延長操作時數,分別只有41.5、20、38小時,可見化學式前處理的添加在此並不能抑制無機鹽結垢(Scaling);而流程六添加焦亞硫酸鈉可有效去除餘氯且操作時數延長至166小時,為所有流程中最佳。因此,若未來本水廠實廠化後,舊有設施不變,則可選擇5μm匣式過濾器和添加焦亞硫酸鈉作為極微濾薄膜之前處理。
操作效能方面,由流程一(無水洗膜體)之108小時提升到流程二(砂過濾水為水洗膜體水源)之118小時,可見水洗膜體有其必要性。而由流程三(過濾液為水洗膜體水源)和流程四之一(砂過濾水為水洗膜體水源)的水質比較分析可知兩者並無差異,因此選用砂過濾水為水洗膜體的水源。流程二中之間隔時間為1小時,流程六(砂過濾水為水洗膜體水源)之間隔時間為0.5小時,由總操作時間前者為118小時,而後者為166小時可知選用間隔時間為0.5小時為佳。在流程七中,設定動作時間為1分鐘,其水質傳係數(MTCw)在七小時中衰減3.19%,而在同一個流程中,把動作時間改為0.5分鐘,在相同時間內水質傳係數(MTCw)衰減8.43%,衰減幅度較前者大,故選用動作時間為1分鐘為佳;藥洗膜體的選擇經由流程一至七的實驗結果得知,以0.051M的磷酸和0.025M的氫氧化鈉合併使用為佳,其水質量傳輸係數(MTCw)分別可回復22.38﹪、19.64﹪;而磷酸之清洗乃針對無機鹽類和金屬氧化物,氫氧化鈉之清洗乃針對硫化物、無機膠體、矽土、生物積垢、有機物。而模廠操作排放之廢水有三種,其中濃縮液和水洗廢水可符合自來水廠排放標準,而藥洗廢水則不可,但若將三者混合之,則混合廢水可直接排放,而雖然濃縮液和水洗廢水之SAR可符合農業灌溉用水標準,但三者之導電度不符合標準,故不能做為灌溉用水。
本模廠操作的回收率為75﹪,利用軟體去分析提高回收率的可能性,發現當回收率為85%時,薄膜通量為45.2 L/M2/H,而薄膜通量最好小於40 L/M2/H,不然會對薄膜造成傷害,且易形成積垢,故提高回收率不可行。針對適飲性物質之系統平均去除率,如TDS、總硬度等,分別為 74.25%、77.04%,皆可低於50mg/l,遠低於第三階段水質標準。 As the levels of drinking water regulation is getting more and more stringent,the update of treatment plants is becoming necessary.Membrane processes have been found wide applications in water treatment,and the nanofiltration is one of the most potential membrane process.Although it had been applied successfully in many plants,the development in Taiwan was just beginning.This study follow USEPA suggesting“ICR Manual for Bench- and Pilot-Scale Treatment Studies”,to test and evaluate the performances the performances and operation of NF by Pilot Plant Testing. We have eight processes,and there are four purposes.The performance of the system and the types of foulants were decided by different pretreatment , including 5μm cartridge filter,granular activated carbon , acid, antiscalants, reductants.Besides, the necessity and selectivity of flush and chemical cleaning is studied ,and if the wastewater meets the standard in waterworks discharge is also evaluated.Finally,the raise of recovery,cleaning frequency,Langelier saturation index,SEM are involved in the fourth purpose. The resuls shows turbidity and SDI are reduced by the 5μm cartridge filter in 47 hours,and the capacity is 240 tons/m2.GAC can reduce total chlorine in 46 hours,but not always be effect.From process4-1 to 5,acid and foulants are added to prevent the formation of scaling,but the operation time only have 41.5,20,38 hours,that means the chemical pretreatment works bad.In process 6,Chlorine and Metal Oxides are prevented by adding Sodium metabisulfite,as a reductant and total operation time is 166 hours.It works. In the system operation aspect,we have two results.Flush is necessary and we select the water after sand filtration as the source.The reagent for chemical cleaning is Phosphoric acid and Sodium hydroxide. There are three kinds of wastewater,including concentrate,the wastewater after flush and afer chemical cleaning. The wastewater after chemical cleaning can not meet the standard of waterwoks wastewater discharge.But,if they are mixed,the mixed water can discharge under regulation. The recovery can’t raised to 85%.Because the membrane flux is over the maximum recommended by Dow Chemical Co..Nanofiltration membrane has good performance in total hardness(77.04%) and TDS(74.25%). |
URI: | http://140.113.39.130/cdrfb3/record/nctu/#NT890515009 http://hdl.handle.net/11536/67744 |
顯示於類別: | 畢業論文 |