二階存貨配銷系統轉運之研究

Abstract

風險共擔觀念應用於配銷系統是供應鏈管理的重要應用。配銷中心在整個供應鏈體系中扮演重要的角色，而風險共擔與轉運觀念則是系統提高顧客服務水準及降低運作成本的有效工具。本論文主要在研究二階存貨配銷系統中單一品項配銷之風險共擔與轉運的問題。 研究首先分析影響轉運的因素及其間的因果關係，而後予以分類並界定研究範圍；其次，本研究提出以「整合採購與比例配送」的觀念來操作二階存貨配銷系統、以應用此觀念建立的配銷系統模式比較不同配銷環境的差異，並證明此觀念的優越性；最後，本論文提出多種轉運法則，並應用本研究證明過的模式來比較、確認出比較理想的轉運法則，以及說明轉運法則的相對優劣性在不同環境下具有一致性。 重要研究結果有：1. 「整合採購與比例配送」的觀念可以用來建構優越的二階存貨配銷系統；2.配銷系統中，將單期多次的顧客需求簡化為單期單次的顧客需求時，會高估顧客服務水準；3.當配銷中心扮演協調者的角色時，「整合採購與比例配送」的觀念結合轉運而運作的二階存貨配銷系統，的確能以較低的成本達到更高的服務水準；4.依據轉運發生當時零售商的能力而設計的轉運法則有最好的表現，其次是依據零售商的預估期末能力所設計的轉運法則，表現較差的轉運法則是依據零售商已經展現出的能力所設計的法則；5.表現較優的轉運法則，在由不同的零售商個數組成的二階存貨配銷系統下，其優異表現具有一致性。

Risk pooling is an important application in supply chain management. It is an effective means in improving customer service and reducing total system costs. This thesis concentrates on the problems of lateral transshipment and risk pooling in a two-echelon distribution system in which only one item is considered. We firstly analyze the factors that affect transshipment. Then, we propose a concept called “integrated purchasing and rationalized distributing” to operate a two-echelon distribution system, compare the difference among various distribution systems, and illustrate the excellence of this concept; Finally, we propose nine transshipment rules and evaluate their performances under emergent and complete transshipment environments, and verify whether these transshipment rules perform the same under the condition of a distribution system consisting of different numbers of retailers. The research result shows that: 1.The concept of “integrated purchasing and rationalized distributing” could be used to construct an excellent two-echelon inventory distribution system; 2.The service level obtained based on the assumption of single demand within one period is higher than that of multiple demands within one period. The performance of transshipment is overestimated if we simplify multiple demands within one period to a single demand within one period; 3.When the distribution center acts as a coordinator in the distribution system, the total quantity be ordered can be reduced, and the system performance can be improved by lateral transshipment at lower cost; 4.The transshipment rules that perform the best are designed by considering the ability of retailers in terms of the time needed to transshipt. These rules are followed by those which are designed by considering the predicted ability of retailers in the end of a certain period. The transshipment rules which are designed according to the past ability of retailers perform the worst; 5.No matter whether the system consist of 5, 10, or 20 retailers, the transshipment rules which are designed based on the ability of retailers on the time to transship always perform the best, this is valuable information in designing transshipment rules.