亞太地區機場航空貨運競爭

Abstract

經貿活動、地理區位以及航權與航空自由化為探討機場貨運競爭之重要外部因素，其均會直接或間接的透過供需面向顯現於出口貿易額、出口商品種類、機場貨運量與機場航網分布中。航空貨運需求受經貿活動與產業結構變化影響非常敏感，在中國大陸經濟崛起，國際經貿環境大幅變動下，使得機場航空貨運間的競爭日益激烈，值得深入研究。本研究針對亞太地區13座主要貨運機場，以 2001、2006、2011三個年度之出口貿易額與商品種類、機場貨運量與航班數資料，檢視亞太各國之出口貿易額對不同營運型態之航空貨運業者航網布局之影響，掌握各機場航空貨運發展現況與趨勢，並呈現亞太地區機場航空貨運之競爭；藉由出口貿易額與機場貨運噸之需求面指標，以及供給集中度、維度中心性、特徵向量中心性與中介中心性之航網供給面指標，使用集群分析區分各機場之機場層級，再由中介中心性指標詮釋各機場於不同區域市場之轉運優勢，呈現亞太地區各機場之「機場層級與轉運優勢」之分析。

綜合「產業與航網發展」與「機場層級與轉運優勢」之分析結果，發現桃園、香港、上海浦東與仁川機場最具有發展為貨運樞紐機場之潛力，但其間有不同的發展型態；香港、上海浦東與仁川機場在需求面指標表現上最佳，桃園與仁川機場分別僅於傳統航空業區內與區內外航網表現較好，而上海浦東機場於專業航空貨運業航網有較好的表現，香港機場於各航網均有較優異的表現；再者，桃園與仁川機場為國籍航空發展為導向之模式，香港與上海浦東機場除有航網健全的國籍航空外，並有大量的外籍航空業者開闢航線，為發展較為健全之樞紐機場。綜合言之，香港機場在傳統航空業與專業航空貨運業之表現均取得領導性的地位。不過若再將航空快遞業之航網考慮其中，則中國大陸機場作為國際快遞業者之樞紐，為最具有條件成為亞太地區貨運之樞紐機場。

The demand of air cargo is sensitively influenced by economic activities and industrial structure. For this reason, recently airports face a keen competition in the air cargo market. This study therefore attempts to analyze airport competition from the perspective of external factors, including economic activities, geographical locations and freedoms of the air, and liberalization of international air transportation market (open skies).

This study focuses on 13 primary cargo airports in the Asia-Pacific region. First of all, we investigate the current situation trends of air cargo market and causal relationship between economic activities and development of airline network in the years of 2001, 2006, and 2011. Second, we evaluate the competitive potential and airport hierarchy of 13 airports by using demand indices, including export volumes and airport cargo volumes; network supply indices, including supply concentration, degree centrality, eigenvector centrality, and betweenness centrality.

Although the result shows that Taiwan Taoyuan (TPE), Hong Kong (HKG), Shanghai Pudong (PVG), and Incheon Airport (ICN) are the most competitive advantage, their development patterns are not the same. First, HKG, PVG, and ICN perform well in demand indices. TPE and ICN perform well in combination carriers’ networks. PVG performs well in all-freight carriers’ networks. HKG performs well in both combination carriers and all-freight carriers’ networks. Second, unlike TPE and ICN are flag carriers-oriented development, HKG and PVG are well developed in both flag and foreign carriers’ network. Overall, HKG acquires leading status for air cargo market in Asia-Pacific Region. Furthermore, if we put integrator carriers’ networks into consideration, Chinese airports are the most potential air cargo hubs in the region.