第一次銷售原則被架空之問題研究─以數位著作為中心

Abstract

數位科技之發展日新月異，數位環境下的數位著作原件或重製物，其著作特性有別於傳統著作，具有重製成本與技術門檻較低，以及重製內容精確等特性，為因應這些特性的轉變，著作權人廣泛以「授權協議」將使用者定義為「被授權人」，藉此迴避第一次銷售原則之適用。為挽救可能因此被架空的第一次銷售原則，本研究將探討「如何認定重製物所有人」的問題，試圖為「授權」與「買賣」劃出合理之界線。再者，第一次銷售原則僅為散布權之例外規定，若以數位傳輸散布非實體之數位重製物，其伴隨之重製行為將可能構成侵權，因此，若欲將第一次銷售原則所建立之二手市場擴及數位著作或其重製物，勢必要從法律面和技術面來著手解決數位傳輸的重製問題。本研究之最終目的希望能重新調著數位時代下「著作權人之專有權利」與「社會大眾之公共利益」的衡平關係。

Due to the rapid progression of digital technology, it reveals a significant difference among digital works and traditional works in characteristics. It is easier and less costly to copy digital works, and the content of digital works can be replicated accurately. Responding to these challenges, copyright owners generally use “license agreements” to characterize users as licensees, so that the licensees cannot exercise rights under the first sale doctrine. To avoid the erosion of the first sale doctrine, the goal of this research is to determine “the owner of the copy”. We need to draw a reasonable line between licenses and sales. Moreover, the first sale doctrine is merely an exception of the distribution. If we distribute the intangible copies by the means of the digital transmission, it makes an unauthorized duplication infringing a copyright owner’s exclusive right to reproduce. To extend secondary sale market which follows first sale doctrine to the digital copyrighted works or copies, we may consider resolving this digital transmission and reproduction problem in legal and technological aspects. The ultimate goal of this research is to rebalance the relationship of the copyright owner’s exclusive rights and the public benefits in this digital era.