面對生命/摯愛的遠逝:愛倫坡作品中的創傷與憂鬱

Abstract

本論文旨在以精神分析方法閱讀愛倫坡著名的四部作品:「麗姬亞」、「莫蕾拉」、「貝蕾妮絲」、及「烏鴉」。因其四部作品皆共同闡述「美女之逝」，而此為愛倫坡先生於「寫作的哲學」一文中所論述的主題，本文藉由這四部作品，結合佛洛伊德與克莉絲媞娃所提出的詭惑賤斥以及納佶歐關於哀悼的理論 (包含情感斷裂、創傷、情感減縮與滿溢)，以探索愛倫坡的寫作原則，即憂鬱之美。據此，於本文我主張這四部作品皆彰顯敘述者對美女之逝的哀悼過程，由於敘述者不斷幻想逝去愛人的形象，又，幻想導致敘述者無止盡的憂鬱之苦。本論文主要分為三章節:第一章旨在建立精神分析方法，從愛、失去到恨，以結合佛洛伊德慾力投注、克萊恩的憂鬱位址及納佶歐的哀悼三位階論。第二章主要描述「麗姬亞」與「莫蕾拉」文中的愛與失去而第三章則分別闡述「貝蕾妮絲」與「烏鴉」中的愛與失去。本論文發現這四部作品的確環繞「美女之逝」此主題，基於此，這四部作品亦可解讀成四位敘述者的哀悼過程，即，情感斷裂、創傷、情感滿溢。直至文末，四位敘述者情感滿溢的狀況可連結至憂鬱，據此，本論文亦意圖找出憂鬱、詭惑賤斥及創傷之間的關聯，以討論愛倫坡如何於他的著作中運用最具詩意的主題:美女之逝。

The thesis aims to proffer a psychological way of reading Edgar Allan Poe’s prominent four works—“Ligeia” (1838), “Morella” (1835), “Berenice” (1835), and “The Raven” (1845). Since the four works all share the common characteristics of “the death of a beautiful woman,” the topic Poe delineates the most in “The Philosophy of Composition,” I aim to explore in these four works Poe’s writing principles with Freud’s and Kristeva’s uncanny abjection and Nasio’s theory about mourning—rupture, trauma, disinvestment and overinvestment. I argue that the four works all reveal the narrators’ psychical pain in their own mourning process. Due to this, the narrators constantly hallucinate the fantasized presence of the lost beloved. Also, hallucination/overinvestment leads the narrator to endless torment of melancholia. The main body of the thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter focuses on the construction of a psychoanalytical approach—from the theory of love, loss to hate—with the theories of Freud’s object-cathexis, Melanie Klein’s depressive position and Nasio’s three stages of mourning. The second chapter mainly draws on the love and loss in “Ligeia” and “Morella”; the third chapter in “Berenice” and “The Raven.” The thesis discovers that the four works indeed surround the topic of “the death of a beautiful woman”; based on such topic, the four works can be read as the four narrators’ mourning process—from rupture, psychical pain to overinvestment. The narrators in the four works all end up with overinvestment; this situation can be linked to their melancholia. Thus, the thesis aims to correlate the four narrators’ melancholia to uncanny abjection and trauma to discuss how Poe applies the most poetical topic—the death of beautiful women—to his composition.