納入自然資源投入之區域生產效率衡量

Abstract

持續的經濟發展仰賴充份自然資源的投入，然而許多重要的自然資源皆有其供給的上限以及不可再生性。因此永續發展必須兼顧經濟發展的幅度以及自然資源的消耗。自然資源的使用效率需要不斷提升以臻於最佳化。本文納入能源及水資源，分別與勞動及資本存量形成經濟生產的投入要素，並據以實證方式分析區域能源及水資源的使用效率。 本文利用資料包絡分析法，分析中國各區域能源消費的目標投入量。再將此目標投入量除以實際投入量來建構出總要素能源效率 (TFEE) 指標。由於目標投入量即為擁有相同產出的最低投入量，此一能源效率指標值將會介於0與1之間。在使用的投入產出模型中，國內生產毛額 (GDP) 為單一產出，而勞動、資本存量、能源消費量以及作為生質能代理變數的可耕地面積為四個投入因素。研究分析1995-2002年間中國二十九個行政區的能源使用效率。分析結果顯示此一新建構的總要素能源效率指標較傳統的能源生產力效率指標更能顯現實際的結果。 本文亦探討中國各區域的水資源使用效率。中國的人均水資源量僅有世界平均值的四分之一，極度缺水的狀況將對過去二十年來快速發展的經濟榮景產生隱憂。用水量調整率 (WATR) 指標同樣是以資料包絡分析法所建構的生產效率前緣為基礎，納入水資源為投入要素分析而得。本文分別對於各中國三十個行政區在1997-2002年間的生活用水及生產用水效率依據此一新建構之指標進行分析。 在使用新建構能源及水資源效率指標的實證研究中，自然資源使用效率值與人均收入的關係上，皆獲得與環境Kuznets曲線相符的U型曲線。中國的中部地區具有最低的資源使用效率，而能源與水資源投入的調整量更皆佔有中國全區總調整量的三分之二。高效率的生產方式以及進步的技術需要引進及實行，從而改善其自然資源使用效率。 最後本文提出具有永續發展概念的綠色國家創新系統架構，主張現有的國家創新系統應結合環境保護與資源保育的主旨，進而激勵相關的創新與研發，防範可能的污染並以最佳效能來使用有限的自然資源。文中美國及中國的個案分析闡述綠色國家創新系統的必要性以及此一系統在不同國家環境下的可能架構。

Economic growth can not sustain without sufficient input of natural resources, however most inevitable natural resources are finite and non-renewable. Sustainable development as an ultimate goal for the entire human beings relies on balance between consumption of these finite natural resources and level of economic growth. The efficiency of consuming these finite natural resources needs to be promoted to an optimal level. The empirical studies analyzing efficiency of energy and water consumption are made in this dissertation. Energy and water resources are considered as input factors in an economic production together with conventional inputs: labor employment and capital stock. We employ methodology of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to find the target energy input of each region in China at each particular year. The index of total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE) is obtained with dividing the target energy input by the actual energy input. The value of this index will be between 0 and 1 since the founded target energy input is the minimum input level of maintaining the same output level. In our DEA model, labor, capital stock, energy consumption, and total sown area of farm crops used as a proxy of biomass energy are the four inputs and real GDP is the single output. This paper analyzes energy efficiencies of 29 administrative regions in China in period of 1995–2002 by using this newly introduced index. The conventional energy productivity ratio regarded as a partial-factor energy efficiency index is computed for comparison in contrast to TFEE; the latter appears fitting better to real cases. This dissertation also brings water into consideration. Over the past two decades China has seen the fruit of its rapid economic growth, but problem of water shortage becomes severe behind this prosperous development scenario which could further jeopardize the country’s growth. The per capita amount of water resource is only one-fourth of the world’s average. The index of water adjustment target ratio (WATR) is established from a production frontier constructed by DEA as well that includes water as an input. Water efficiency of 30 regions in China during 1997-2002 is obtained from this newly constructed index with both residential and productive water use. A U-shape curve is discovered that matches to environmental Kuznets curve. The U-shape curve is between both regional total-factor energy efficiency and total-factor water efficiency and per capita real income among regions of China. The central area has the worst efficiency ranking and total adjustment amount of both water and energy are around two-third of China’s total. High efficiency production processes and advanced technologies need to be adopted in the central area in order to improve its production efficiency with using natural resources. Last, a conceptual framework of green national innovation system (GNIS) is introduced in this dissertation. The system combines existing national innovation systems with more innovations in title of environmental protection and preservation of natural resources. The related innovations and researches are therefore stimulated and formulated to prevent environmental pollutions at beginning stage. The consumption of natural resources is therefore promoted at the frontier of production efficiency. These are the core aspects of a GNIS. Case studies of the U.S. and China illustrate that the trend and necessity of a GNIS is regarded as further development to existing NIS. The distinct effective scenarios describe how this system works at different contexts.