驢子條件句的再分析

Abstract

自Cheng & Huang (1996)發表 “Two Types of Donkey Sentences”以來，已經有許多 人發現其理論分析的一些問題，主要集中在漢語的光桿驢子句型的wh-照應詞為何可以 無需引介新的言談對象，不受The Novelty Condition 規範。另一個廣為討論的問題 則是光桿驢子句型中的Wh-詞組允許獨一無二的有定解釋，這個解釋是Cheng & Huang (1996)沒有討論而且無法獲得的語意。這個計畫將對近來討論這兩個議題的文獻做一 詳細的回顧，評論其缺失，並且設法提出一個新的分析方式來解決前人分析的缺點。 我們要回顧的文獻包括Chierchia (2000)的存在量化撤除分析，Bruening & Tran (2006) 及Cheung (2006)的側向移位分析，Huang (2010)的自由關係子句分析，Crain & Luo (2011)的同一陳述分析。我們將指出這些分析其實都還沒真正地解決上面所提的兩個 問題，特別是The Novelty Condition 的問題，其實都還是在原點打轉，因此必須構 思新理論來解決問題。這個計畫的主要目標就是想出一個新的句法語意分析方式來解 決上面的問題。我們要探索的方式是把光桿驢子句型分析成非連續關聯關係子句，wh- 照應詞其實是受關係子句修飾的外中心語，是移位得來的。在這個計畫裡，我們將找 尋證據來支持這樣的看法，並且探討這樣的分析有什麼樣的後果，以及這個分析和The Novelty Condition 之間的關聯性。此外，這個計畫也將探討利用語意類別分析以及量 化副詞的有無來決定光桿驢子句型的語意解釋，我們想要論證Wh-詞組的有定解釋其實 是類別衝突下的最後修補手段，這些想法都只是初步的靈感，需要時間來研究，找尋 證據，但我們希望這個計畫所提的分析能夠真正解決前面兩個所提的重要問題。

Most recent discussions of Chinese bare conditionals center on solving the problems posed by the Novelty Condition and the definite uniqueness reading. This project will carry out a comprehensive review of those analyses, discussing the problems each theory encounters. We will review Chierchia’s (2000) existential disclosure approach, Bruening & Tran’s (2006) and Cheung’s (2006) sideward movement approach, Huang’s (2010) free relative approach and Crain & Luo’s (2011) identity statement approach. We will show that all the above-mentioned analyses either still fail to truly explain the lack of the Novelty Condition or fail to capture the interpretations of bare conditionals satisfactorily. Therefore, an alternative analysis needs to be sought. The aim of this project is to provide a new syntactic analysis that may avoid the problems that the existing analyses encounter. This project will explore an approach where bare conditionals are analyzed as discontinuous double-headed relatives in which the wh-anaphor is the external head of the relative clause, which is moved and adjoined to an IP periphery position after the raising of the internal head. We will find evidence for such an approach and discuss its consequences, in particular with regard to the Novelty Condition. In addition, we will propose a type-theoretic approach to deal with the definite-like uniqueness reading and the generic/universal reading. These two readings will be shown to be sensitive to the presence of an adverb of quantification. We hope to prove that in generic contexts an overt or covert adverb of quantification can serve as a generalized quantifier taking two type <e,t> clauses as its arguments. But in episodic contexts no adverb of quantification is available to fix the problem of type mismatch. Therefore, a last resort iota type shifting applies to turn the antecedent clause into an expression of type e, deriving the definite-like uniqueness reading. This project will try to find evidence in support of this type-theoretic approach and discuss its advantages over the previous approaches.