标题: 中文动词词网之跨类互动研究:“沟通评论”动词及“社交互动”动词之语意架构分析
Mandarin Verbnet and Cross-Frame Interactions: Verbal Evaluation and Social Interaction Verbs
作者: 刘美君
Liu Mei-chun
国立交通大学外国语文学系
公开日期: 2011
摘要: “中文动词语意网”的前期计划已陸续完成“沟通類”“认知類”、“感知類”与
“情绪類”四大類动词,至少600个动词语意与句法表现之互动研究,目前正在进行“内
在评价”动词的研究。藉由厘清此四大范畴动词框架的定义与概念,研究各框架内部的
语法语意区别,并进一步分析次框架及近义词组的類型。经由框架理論(Frame
Semantics)建构出分類的阶层与剖析原则外,亦扩大框架理論的研究范围,涵盖概念结
构(conceptual schema)、基本句式(defining pattern)与共现模式(collocational association)
的分析,深化框架成分的区辨性。在前期成果的基础下,本计画将继续扩展动词语意的
系统性研究,探讨过去未深入研究之跨類现象,以兩年为期,分别探讨兩大具有跨類现
象之动词類型:“沟通评論动词”(Verbs of Verbal Evaluation)与“社交互动动词”(Verbs
of Social Interaction)。
第一年将探讨“沟通评論动词”,此類动词展现内在评价与沟通行为之跨類表现,
表达由形而外的资讯、刺激等经验,透过评論兼說话者(Evaluator+Speaker)的感知活动,
对周遭世界人、事、物(Evaluee)产生初步的輪廓印象之主观态度或立场,进而藉由语言
或文字之外在沟通行为,表达出评論說话者的主观评价。因而“沟通评論动词”同时带
有“评价”以及“沟通”的语意及语法表现,承继其上位框架“沟通類动词”及“内在
评价類动词”之跨類特征。“沟通评論动词”的特征在于除了呈现說话评价者对被评价
者的正负观感外,也藉由在句法上出现听话者 (Addressee)或讯息子句 (Message)呈现
“沟通”语意:
(1) 他[Speaker _Evaluator]批评/称赞 [Verbal Evaluation]共同工作的同事、学生[Evaluee]。
(2) 他[Speaker _Evaluator]批评/称赞[Verbal Evaluation]道[Message marker]:“这实在是很特殊的做
法。”[Message]
第二年探讨“社交互动动词”,此類动词展现内在评价与社交行为之互动表现。“社
交互动动词”的特征在于其主要參与者将评价行为所牵涉到的兩个独立语意角色—评断
者(Evaluator)与被评断者(Evaluee) —结合成共同參与事件類型(event type)的新行为团
体(Social behavior_co-actors),经过内在评价的过程,完成社交互动的外在行为。此類动
词所展现的社会力学可经由物理力学的关系來理解。Talmy (1981, 2003)首先提出Force
Dynamics的概念,藉由动词呈现施动者与受动者兩造之间的力学关系,把事件的发生视
为作用力与反作用力抗衡消长而产生的结果。Force Dynamics被定义为一种重要的语意
類型,整合了致使关系(causation)的各种假设,包括容让(verbs of letting), 阻抗(verbs
of hindering)和帮助(verbs of helping)等动词類型。透过物理现实世界(physical domain)
的力学关系來理解心理内部 (mental domain)的角力挣扎,以及社交行为的互动关系
(interpsychological interaction domain),进而延展至交谈情境(discourse domain)中兩方力
量的你來我往、或彼此消长之关系。然而,Talmy并未强调双向性社会互动关系背后之
内在评价动机。然而社会互动动词往往是由内而外的具体表现,是内在评价动词与社会
行为间的跨類表现,第二年的研究主题即在于厘清此二大類动词间的相关性及其中所牵
涉的兩造力学流动关系,可分为单向与双向之互动关系:
(3) 单向:他[Antagonist]帮助/阻挡/杯葛/支持[Social Interaction_Unilateral]我[Agonist]
(4) 双向:他跟我[Co-actors]合作/竞争[Social Interaction_Bilateral]
鉴于评价相关动词的多样性分布及跨類本质,本计画将第一年“内在评价动词”的
研究成果,进一步应用于第二年“沟通评論动词”及第三年“社交互动动词”的跨類研
究中。将相关动词由内而外的意涵表现,即由“想”(thinking)、到“說”(speaking)、再到“做”(doing)这三阶段不同的互动关系所形成的三大類动词,作系统性及全面性的语
法语意分析。透过本计画的兩大類型之跨類研究,可对现有“中文动词语意网”机动性
阶层架构 (Achi-frame > Primary Frame > Basic Frame > Microframe) 下可能的跨類关
系,做一厘清,以建构动词事件類型间复杂性语意关系的分析及分類原则。
Over the past five years, the Mandarin VerbNet Project has investigated five major
domains of verbs – communication, cognition, perception, emotion and judgment verbs. It
aims to provide detailed syntactic and semantic analyses of the Mandarin verbal lexicon by
defining and characterizing in a systematic and comprehensive way the lexical semantic
information encoded in each subclass. Under the assumption that verb meanings are anchored
in semantic frames as proposed in Frame Semantics (Fillmore and Atkins 1991) and
Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2006), verbs are classified into various ‘frames’ that
are defined clearly with a conceptual schema, a set of core frame elements, basic
constructional patterns and collocational associations based on corpora observations.
Over the course of previous research, an interesting and commonly observed
phenomenon is that some verbs are multi-faceted and hence associated with multiple frames.
For example, the verb juede ‘feel’ exhibits polysemous properties across three archi-frames
(Cognition, Perception, Emotion), taking either a cognitive, perceptual or emotional
complement (Wo juede hen youdaoli/hen leng/hen gaoxing ‘I felt (it’s)
convincing/cold/delighted.) With regard to our most recent topic – emotion verbs, Lyons
(1980) suggested that the investigation of emotion verbs necessarily involves evaluative
judgment and physiological changes, which illustrates another case of cross-domain
correlations. The multiple membership of verbs indicates a conceptual and semantic link
across the different domains. To further explore the cross-domain correlations of verb
meanings, the current stage of our research focuses on verbs of internal judgment as they are
inherently multi-dimensional. In view of the internal-to-external expression of judgment from
evaluative attitude (thinking), to communicative act (speaking), and to social behavior (doing),
two major types of cross-frame verbs will be investigated in the following two years.
官方说明文件#: NSC99-2410-H009-067-MY2
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/11536/99112
https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=2215944&docId=354712
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