标题: 中文动词词汇语义网的建构---互动性评价动词的研究
Construction of the Mandarin Verbnet---Verbs of Judgment
作者: 刘美君
LIU MEI-CHUN
国立交通大学外国语文学系
关键字: 互动性评价动词;中文动词语义网;框架理论;构式语法;Verbs of Judgment;Mandarin VerbNet;Frame Semantics;Construction Grammar
公开日期: 2009
摘要: “中文动词语义网”的前期计划已深入探讨“沟通动词”(Communication Archi-frame)、“认知动词”(Cognition Archi-frame)、“感官动词”(Perception Archi-frame)、 “情绪动词”(Emotion Archi-frame)等四大類动词的语意特征及语意類型。藉由厘清此四大范畴动词框架的定义与概念,研究各框架内部的语法语意区别,并进一步分析次框架及近义词组的類型。经由框架理論(Frame Semantics)建构出分類的阶层与剖析原则外, 亦扩大框架理論的研究范围,涵盖概念结构(conceptual schema)、基本句式(defining pattern)与共现模式(collocational association)的分析,深化框架成分的区辨性。在研究各類动词的过程中,发现动词跨類的现象颇为频繁,如:沟通与认知间的转换(“言說”到“想說”);认知、感官与情绪间的互通(“我觉得…”)。在前期成果的基础下,本计画将继续扩展动词语意的系统性研究,以三年为期,分别探讨三大類型的“评价动词”及其跨類现象。Lyons (1980)在探讨情绪动词时已指出情绪的表达包含评价层面(evaluative aspect)及生理上的改变(physiological changes),故可推知情绪动词内含有评价的语意。此外,认知、感官及沟通類动词中亦普遍存在兼具评价语意的动词:
(1) a. 认知+评价动词:老师很认同他的看法。
b. 感官+评价动词:老师很欣赏他的画作。
c. 沟通+评价动词:老师很称赞他的报告。
在人与人的互动中,往往透过认知、感官等心理、生理机制,对人類的社会行为做出主观的判断与评价。当这种主观的判断或评价产生后,不同的情绪与立场态度也伴随而生,进而影响人与人之间的互动关系。也就是說,人類将想法体现于說法与作法上:
(2)a. 透过认知产生的内在评价:我赞同/反对他。(Thinking)
b. 透过言语表达的沟通评价:我赞美/反驳他。(Speaking)
c. 透过行动展现的互动评价:我赞助/反抗他。(Doing)
鉴于评价动词的多样性分布及跨類的本质,本计画将“评价”(judgment/evaluation)相关的动词,按由内而外的意涵表现,分为“想”(thinking)、“說”(speaking)、“做”(doing)三大類作系统性的语法语意研究:内在感知類的评价(第一年)、言谈沟通類的评价(第二年)、及社会行为類的评价(第三年)。本计画亦将在现有“中文动词语意网”的机动性四阶层架构下(Achi-frame > Primary Frame > Basic Frame > Microframe),厘清“评价动词”各阶层的细部资讯及其词汇化的概念结构,并阐述“评价动词”与前期研究的四大類动词之间的跨類关聯及其语意延伸机制。各年的主要研究课题总括如下:
1) 各類评价动词的语法剖析及语意分析,界定语法构式及语意類型间的关連。
2) 确立动词分類的阶层结构,并定义各阶层的描述型定义、框架成分、基本句式、共现特征、与认知基模结构。
3) 探讨认知转换在动词语意界定上所扮演的角色及相关性。
4) 厘清动词多义性的处理标准:多义的区分标准何在?
5) 各類评价动词与跨類动词之间的语法语意相关性为何?
6) 继续发展自动化语意标记系统,及语意标记语料库,藉以扩充“中文动词语意网”的规模、并做必要的修正。
如前述,本计画分三部分进行,针对评价动词 (judgment verbs),进行语意類型阶层性的研究。其理論架构植基于框架语意(Frame Semantics)及构式语法(Construction Grammar): 将动词類型所涉及的语意框架(semantic frames),视为連结形式(form)与意义(meaning)的基模,藉以定义各语意類型。第一年将专注于内在评价动词 (Judgment with Internal Stance)、第二年探讨沟通评价动词 (Judgment with Communication)、第三年研究社交评价动词 (Judgment and Social Behavior)。其研究方法采语料库为本的统计分析:以Gigaword的中文语料及中研院平衡语料库为基础,进行构词、句法、及各种共现模式的分布统计,据此完成语意区分。本研究不但可扩展并改进现有的“中文动词语义网”、强化其讯息内容及涵盖范围,且可发展框架语意理論下的认知转换及多义性的分析与表征原则,在中文动词语意研究上广立根基、开创新局,对语言学,华语教学及自然语言剖析皆有重大而深远的影响。
Over the past five years, the Mandarin VerbNet Project has investigated four major domains of verbs – communication, cognition, perception and emotion verbs. It aims to provide detailed syntactic and semantic analyses of the Mandarin verbal lexicon by defining and characterizing in a systematic and comprehensive way the lexical semantic information encoded in each subclass. Under the assumption that verb meanings are anchored in semantic frames as proposed in Frame Semantics (Fillmore and Atkins 1991) and Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2006), verbs are classified into various ‘frames’ that are defined clearly with a conceptual schema, a set of core frame elements, basic constructional patterns and collocational associations based on corpora observations.
Over the course of previous research, an interesting and commonly observed phenomenon is that some verbs are multi-faceted and hence associated with multiple frames. For example, the verb juede ‘feel’ exhibits polysemous properties across three archi-frames (Cognition, Perception, Emotion), taking either a cognitive, perceptual or emotional complement (Wo juede hen youdaoli/hen leng/hen gaoxing ‘I felt (it’s) convincing/ cold/delighted.) With regard to our most recent topic – emotion verbs, Lyons (1980) suggested that the investigation of emotion verbs necessarily involves evaluative judgment and physiological changes, which illustrates another case of cross-domain correlations. The multiple membership of verbs indicates a conceptual and semantic link across the different domains. To further explore the cross-domain correlations of verb meanings, the next stage of our research will focus on verbs of judgment as they are inherently multi-dimensional:
(1) Cognition and judgment:
laoshih hen rentong tade kanfa.
teacher DEG agree his opinion
‘The teacher approved his opinion.’
(2) Perception and judgment:
laoshih hen xinshang tade huazuo.
teacher DEG appreciate his paiting
‘The teacher appreciated his painting.’
(3) Communication and judgment:
laoshih hen chengzan tade baogao.
teacher DEG compliment his report
‘The teacher complimented his report.’
In view of the internal-to-external expression of judgment from evaluative attitude (thinking), to communicative act (speaking), and to social bebavior (doing), three stages of research are proposed to investigate the three types of judgmental predicates:
(4)a. 1st year - Judgment with attitudinal stance (Thinking):
wo zantong/fandui ta.
I approve/disapprove him
‘I’m for/against him.’
b. 2nd year - Judgment with speech act (Speaking):
wo zanmei/fanbo ta
I praise/retort him
‘I praised/refuted him.’
c. 3rd year - Judgment with social interaction (Doing):
wo zanzhu/fankang ta.
I sponsor/rebel him
‘I assisted/resisted him.’
The current project aims to continue and expand the Mandarin VerbNet research program to include detailed analyses of the Mandarin verbs of judgment, following the classificational principles and the extendable hierarchy of semantic layers, established in Liu and Chiang (2008): Achi-frame > Primary Frame > Basic Frame > Microframe >Near-synonyms. After identifying the syntactic and semantic correspondences for each class of verbs, the research group will further explore mechanisms of polysemous extensions and metaphorical links to capture the semantic correlations across related domains. The major research questions to be tackled in each year include:
1) What are the distinct grammatical behaviors characteristic of the Mandarin judgment verbs and what are the corresponding semantic properties that trigger the syntactic patterning?
2) What is the appropriate classificational scheme that is syntactically evidenced in differentiating various classes of judgment verbs, in terms of the hierarchical taxonomy from Primary Frame, to Basic Frame, to Microframe, and then to near-synonyms? What are the distinguishing criteria for the different scopes of frame?
3) For each postulated frame, what is the crucial information to be provided, including the underlying conceptual schemata, the core frame elements, the constructional patterns, frequent collocations and corresponding semantic attributes?
4) What is a frame-based solution to polysemy that may involve conceptual transfers with metaphoric, meronymic and metonymic extensions?
5) What are the interrelations between the Judgment frames and other Archi-frames (domains) that may hold a ?
6) What is the most efficient and useful way of coding the semantic information of judgment verbs for the compiling of a tagged corpus? How can the semantically tagged corpus get integrated into the automatic tagging system previously established (Liu, Cheng and Hsieh, 2008)? And how can this system be expanded and revised with the new input from judgment verbs?
In order to examine judgment-related verbs in a comprehensive manner, the project will be conducted in a three-year sequence, with a clear research focus for each year. The first year focuses on Internal Judgment verbs pertaining to a conviction or attitude, such as zantong/manyi ‘agree with/happy with.’ The second year focuses on Communicative Judgment verbs pertaining to a speech act, such as zanmei/chengzan ‘praise/compliment.’ The third year focuses on Interactional Judgment verbs pertaining to social behavior, such as zanzhu/zhichi ‘sponsor/support.’ The specific tasks for each year are: 1) Retrieve and analyze corpus data from Gigaword and Academia Sinica with reference to English FrameNet; 2) observe and describe the grammatical and collocational patterns unique to each set of verbs; 3) classify verbs into various frames based on the observed syntactic-semantic correspondences and define each frame accordingly; 4) explore semantic extensions and inheritance relations manifested in the multiple membership of certain verbs; and 5) build a semantic-tagged corpus with verbal classes and participant roles; 6) extend and augment Mandarin VerbNet. By a comprehensive investigation of the grammatical and semantic properties of Mandarin judgment verbs, the current project is expected to expand the coverage and complexity of the information provided by the Mandarin VerbNet under construction. The research is essential for the advancement of lexical semantic studies, language instruction, as well as natural language processing as it sheds light on the important issues pertaining to the Mandarin
lexicon.
3-year
Sequence
Year 1: about 30 verbs
Verbs of Internal Judgment
Year 2: about 300 verbs
Verbs of Communicative Judgment
Year 3: about 30 verbs
Verbs of Social Judgment
官方说明文件#: NSC98-2410-H009-036
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/11536/101683
https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=1879343&docId=310238
显示于类别:Research Plans


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