編戶齊民，儒學與村廟---滇西世族的文化認同與歷史實踐(II)

Abstract

研究計劃想要從二個角度來討論明清時期洱海社會人群的文化認同與歷史實踐。 本研究以二個不同的研究方向來討論，一、從中央王權的角度來談明清王權是如何「改 變」洱海地區的社會結構，尤以編戶齊民的里甲制度及國家對地方神祠/淫祠/官祠的 界定與設置來進行。進而從民間的角度來思考編戶齊民之下的世族如何分化成宗族組 織、村落人民、土官所轄下的土民。第二年的計劃是以宗族在族譜裡的資料來說明村 落形成的歷史。在第一年的計劃中，筆者將從制度層面來談明初官方賦役里甲制度如 何在雲南大理地區的執行。明中葉，尤其嘉靖年間大禮議期間，支持「以禮正風俗」 的官員在民間推廣的家禮與毀淫祠的運動對大理地區世族的影響。明末大理地區不斷 出現夫馬勞役攤派不均,而出現田賦清查政策等等。其研究希望從較大的政治的層面來 談它們對大理原有世族社會所造成的結構性的影響。第二年的計劃則是從村落層面宗 族與村落關係，來談大理社會是如何回應國家的控制。筆者將觀察原來隸屬於共同族 先傳說的世族村落，如趙州趙氏、北湯天董氏以及大理段氏為個案，來談其這些村落 在世族性格改變之時，建立不同的祠廟，原有的祖先神祠如何變成村廟，如何以村廟 呈現民間既有的歷史意識。 在這個研究計劃中，我將以二年的時間進行，透過一、國家對鄉村的控制、二、 宗族的形成、三、世族與村落的分化、四、祖先認同的分化，從這四個脈絡來談自上 而下的政治控制與行政教化以及自下而上的文化性回應與實踐。

The proposed research grows out of my interest on how the lineages in frontier society adjusted to the state in Ming-Qing era in the Erhai district in Yunnan. Two dominions will be examined during the two years’projects. The first is the political control in the rural society of the Erhai villages, including the household registration, Confucian school and the legitimated worships that the Confucian officials set into the villages’level. How the indigenous Big surname clan become the Chinese would be would be investigated. The differentiation within the lineage the transformation of the village structures would be the main concerns in the research. From another viewpoint of the native society, in the other side of the historical dominion, I will explore how the social group in Erhai area changed and created their collective memory and practice their own history with ritual and cross-villages parade, and as the dynamic of social practice, this is how they respond the statecraft by positive and passive ways. By reorganizing the territorial hierarchy of the village temples, they remain local legends of their ancestral stories within the practice of cross-village parade to express their historical mentality, and meanwhile, rebuilt a cultural reconciliation to the state by worship the orthodox gods as well. Beside the internal changes within the native society caused from the political dominions, this project will pay special attentions to issues such as: (1) How the state controlled the household in Dali society. (2) The formation of the lineages organization. (3) The differentiation of the Big surname and villages. (4) The differentiation within the Ancestral claims caused by different experiences of political adoption.