頭前溪鳳山溪流域三官信仰調查研究

Abstract

頭前溪與鳳山溪為竹塹地區重要的河流，也是客家族群主要的居住區。「三官」信仰原無閩客之分，為民間普遍的信仰，但信徒在信仰的表現上，呈現相當大的差異。以「三官」為主神的廟宇，大多集中在北台灣的客家地區。然而同屬客家族群聚居的鳳山溪與頭前溪流域，對「三官」的信仰上，也呈現不同的風貌。就廟宇的數量而言，鳳山溪、頭前溪兩溪流域者有三十餘座三官廟，屬鳳山溪流域（含桃園縣之龍潭）者與近三十座，分布在頭前溪流域的只有3間（芎林鄉1間，橫山鄉2間）。除了建廟奉祀之外，三官嘗、三（界）官爐也出現相類似的現象。這種現象的形成，其背後的因素如何，值得觀察。 以日治時期之在台漢人祖籍調查發現，兩溪流域移民的祖籍分布並無太大的差異，對本區的三官信仰應無特殊的影響，然而卻形成不同的三官信仰形態。鳳山溪流域三官信仰，集中在今新竹縣關西鎮和桃園縣龍潭鄉，其中龍潭鄉是平埔族霄裡社主要的活動地區，關西鎮則為平埔族竹塹社衛家勢力的所在地。在移民開墾過程中平埔族原住民力量的強弱，是否對本區宗教信仰產生影響，值得觀察。兩溪流域對三官信仰的迥異，值得從開墾過程中族群關係切入觀察討論。 本調查研究除了文獻之蒐集分析外，田野調查為重要取得資料的方式。除了注意以三官為主神廟宇外，其他以三官為陪祀的廟宇及祭祀活動也在觀查之列；再者三官信仰的發展往往是經由：「原鄉香火──＞三官嘗──＞三官廟」的發展歷程，因此對未設廟的「三官（界）爐」、「三官嘗」也加以調查研究。

Touchien Stream and Fengshan Stream are important rivers in Chuchian area and major residence of Hakka people. Belief of “Sanguan” was common in folks initially and showed no separation in southern Fukien area and Hakka area. However, performance of followers of their belief showed significant distinction. Most temples with “Sanguan” as dominant god are located in Hakka area of northern Taiwan. While belief of “Sanguan” of population lived in Fengshan Stream and Touchien Stream areas which are residences of the same Hakka population shows different style. As for quantity of temples, over 30 Sanguan temples are located in Fengshan Stream and Tochien Stream areas, in which almost 30 temples belong to Fengshan Stream area (including Longtan of Taoyuan County) and only 3 temples are located in Touchien Stream area (1 in Cyonglin Township and 2 in Hengshan Township). In addition to temples for worship, the similar phenomenon also showed in Sanguanchang and Sanjie Furnace. Reasons behind such phenomenon is worthy of observation. According to survey of ancestor origin of Chinese in Taiwan during Japanese colonial period, ancestor origin distributions of immigrants in two streams areas are of no distinct difference. Although it should not influence belief of Sanguan, different belief styles of Sanguan were established. Belief of Sanguan in Fengshan Stream area was concentrated in Kuanhsi Township of Hsinchu County and Longtan Township in Taoyuan County. Longtan Township was main region of Hsiao family of Pingpu population and Kuanhsi Township was domain of Chuchian Wei Family of Pingpu population. Whether strength of Pingpu aborigine during immigration and cultivation had influenced religion in this area is worthy of observation. Different belief of Sanguan in two areas shall be explored and discussed from view of ethnic relationship during cultivation. In addition to collection and analysis of literature, field investigation was also adopted as important method of collecting important information. Besides observation of temples with “Sanguan” as dominant god, temples and worship activities with “Sanguan” as secondary god were also studies. What is more, since belief of “Sanguan” was usually developed with “original descendant---Sanguanchang---Sanguan Temple”, Sanguan Furnace and Sanguanchang without temples should also be studies.

Keyword: Touchien Stream, Fengshan Stream, Sanguan Temple, Sanjie Furnace, ethnic relationship