建築物火災風險評估與風險改善之探討－以某大型傢俱零售商場為例

Abstract

基於國內現階段引用火災風險評估來釐訂建築物火災風險等級之相關研究文獻較少，因此本研究期望能提出可行之火災風險量化方式，並將評估結果提供業主及相關權責單位參考。 本研究選擇某大型傢俱零售商場當作指標性建築物，經實地訪查，該場所可同時容納1.7萬餘名的消費人次，為地上四層、地下二層建築物，用途包含倉儲自助空間、餐廳美食區、遊戲空間等，更提供六十七個展示空間，五百個汽車停車位、六百個機車停車格。場所型態及火災特性包括：建築面積大、火載量大、小空間隔間多、人員疏散困難、火災搶救困難等特性，且業者亦投資大量資金於其中，故評估其建築物火災風險相對較有價值。 本研究採用層級分析法以建構建築物之火災風險影響指標，藉由相互之間的影響關係劃分為四個層級結構，並根據產、官、學專家意見調查及建築物實地勘查分數之交叉分析，以評價該場所之系統評價等級及火災危險等級之結果。根據Super Decisions軟體，本研究量化出影響建築物火災風險最低層級之二十一項指標之百分比，其中影響程度前八名(占整體重要性4%以上者)依序為「建築材料」、「自動滅火系統」、「火載量密度」、「防煙區劃」、「使用年份」、「防火區劃」、「樓層高度」、「消防訓練」。專家學者整體認為「建築體自身因素」影響力最大，「消防設備因素」影響力位居中上，「人為管理因素」影響力最小。 此外，本研究分別針對「大型傢俱零售商場」及「一般傳統傢俱行」場所做實地驗證，經建築物實地勘查及評定分數分析後，分別量化出「系統安全分數」S.V.為4.183462及2.914841，「系統安全等級」分列為4級及3級，「火災危險等級」分別列為中低度風險場所及中度風險場所；並根據此火災風險評估結果，以火災風險指標影響程度為基準，分別建議二場所火災風險之改進優先順序。 本研究期望能將建築物火災風險評估應用於實務消防安全領域當中，以更科學的方式評價建築物火災風險，一方面可以提供業者正確的數據做出更可靠的決策，並可依據建築物之火災風險等級，提供業主相關改善意見，甚而規劃更縝密之安全防護對策，進而降低建築物之火災風險、確保民眾生命財產安全。

Based on the domestic current stage, there are less relevant research references to quote fire risk assessment method to stipulate building’s fire risk levels, so this study expects to propose a feasible way to quantify fire risk, and assess fire risk result to provide owners and AHJ to consult. In this study, take a large-scale furniture retail store as indicators of buildings. Through field visits, the place can accommodate 1.7 thousand customers, including four levels above ground, underground two-floor building. The furniture retail market contains self-contained storage space, restaurant table delicacies districts, game space, but also provides 67 exhibition space, 500 car parking spaces, and 600 motorcycle parking grids. In addition, place patterns and fire features include large-scale floor area, huge fire load capacity, numerous small space compartments, tough evacuation, and challenging fire rescue, etc. On the other hand, the industry invested a huge amount of money in it, so the fire risk assessment of the building is relative more valuable. According to industry, government, and academia expert opinion surveys and cross-analysis of building’s field survey score to evaluate the results of the evaluation system of the place and the fire risk rating hierarchy. Based on Super Decisions software, this study quantified the percentage of 21 fire risk index of the lowest level of the building effect factors. The top eight factors, accounting for more than 4%, sequentially as "building materials", "automatic fire extinguishing system, " fire load density, " smoke compartment "," expiration date "," fire compartment "," floor height ", and" fire drills. " Experts generally believe that "building the body's own factors" is the most influential item, "fire protection equipment factors" is middle item, and "human management factors" is the least item. Furthermore, this study was for the "large furniture retail mall" and "general traditional furniture line" place to do field validation. After analysis of buildings on-site investigation and evaluation scores, the "System safety score" SV was quantified as 4.183462 and 2.914841, "System Security rating" was classified as 4 points and 3," respectively. According to the fire risk assessment results and the impact of fire risk index as a benchmark, both places were recommended the Priority orders to improve fire risks, respectively. Finally, the study anticipates that building fire risk assessment can be applied to the field of fire safety practices which, in a more scientific way to evaluate a building's fire risk. On one hand, fire risk assessment can provide the right data to make the industry more reliable decisions; on the other hand, on the basis of building’s fire risk level, it can offer relevant owners more views to improve careful security measures, thereby reducing the fire risk of building, to ensure the safety of people's lives and property.