雙邊／多邊市場之競爭與創新──論競爭法的因應

Abstract

隨著科技、網路的進步，以及資訊的高速生產與散布，各類降低交易成本的平台及新應用不斷推陳出新，其多具有雙邊／多邊市場的特性，各國競爭法主管機關遂日趨重視既有的分析工具能否與如何因應雙邊／多邊市場所帶來的競爭法議題。我國公平交易委員會亦開始在結合案與處分案中嘗試使用雙邊／多邊市場理論。本文先分析雙邊／多邊市場的市場特性與雙邊／多邊平台的相應競爭策略，次則探討雙邊／多邊市場對競爭主管機關帶來的挑戰與相關競爭政策爭議。最後經評析公平交易委員會歷年來涉及雙邊／多邊市場的相關決定與處分案例後，本文建議未來公平交易委員會在執法上，宜繼續關注特定雙邊／多邊平台因所處雙邊／多邊市場特性，而採取的排他性行為對市場創新的可能不利影響，以及大型企業集團多角化結合設立之雙邊／多邊平台的市場力量，與以整體營業額分析本身即跨領域經營諸多不同事業之雙邊／多邊平台業者的市場占有率，可能衍生之盲點等特殊問題，同時應審慎評估套用10%市場占有率門檻評估雙邊／多邊平台，所為之獨家交易、搭售或其他交易限制，是否會過度干預雙邊／多邊市場的創新行為與市場競爭機制。

Burgeoning two-sided/multi-sided platforms have brought about new antitrust issues concerning whether the traditional analytical tools for antitrust review shall be directly applied to two-sided/multi-sided markets. This article explores the characteristics of two-sided/multi-sided markets, the competitive strategies of twosided/ multi-sided platforms, and the challenge to and issues of antitrust enforcement and competition policy arising from two-sided/multi-sided markets. Then in light of decisions of Taiwan Fair Trade Commission (“Taiwan FTC”) concerning two-sided/multi-sided markets, the author suggests Taiwan FTC pay more attention to foreclosure activities adopted by two-sided/multi-sided platforms and their possible adverse effect to innovation. In addition, Taiwan FTC should also be wary of the market power possibly enjoyed by the two-sided/multi-sided platforms jointly established by several large-sized and leading enterprises by means of conglomerate mergers and its ripple effect. Moreover, the market share of one twosided/ multi-sided platforms owned by a conglomerate operating diverse business should not be calculated based upon the total revenue of that conglomerate. Finally, to avoid over intervention in innovation and competition of two-sided/multi-sided markets, Taiwan FTC should rethink if it is appropriate to use 10% market share as a threshold to evaluate exclusive contracts, tying, or other restrictive activities conducted by two-sided/multi-sided platforms.