印尼客家女性婚姻移民在桃園楊梅語碼轉換的個案研究

Abstract

本文以桃園楊梅地區客家家庭的婚姻移民作為個案研究，透過深度訪談，探討婚姻移民女性在臺灣語碼轉換運作情形。以標記理論分析移民對話結構，剖析語碼轉換之社會動機以及社會語用功能。研究發現印尼客家婚姻移民的語碼轉換端視對話人以及對話主題而定，在客語、華語以及印尼語之間轉換，原則上多為客語及華語的融合，趨向華語使用。此外，對話對象的世代、移民在自身原鄉與在臺灣的處境影響其在語碼轉換時的社會動機。更甚者，從個案研究觀察到移民語碼轉換有其社會語用功能，以避免對於自身不熟悉事務表達錯誤，或使人容易理解；前一人使用語碼連帶影響另一人；在閒聊八卦時，有所避諱，易轉換為低階語言。

Since the 1990s, cross-cultural marriages between Taiwanese men and women from Southeast Asia have been steadily increasing. Notably, in Taiwan's Hakka regions, many marriage migrants are Hakka individuals from West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In addition to their sharing a Chinese ethnic background, linguistic similarities have played a crucial role in fostering closer connections between Taiwanese and Indonesian spouses. For marriage migrants in Taiwan, regardless of their origin, the primary language of communication is Modern Standard Mandarin (現代標準漢語; Guoyu [國語] or Huayu [華語]). The use of other regional languages, such as Minnan or Hakka, varies by location. Most research in this area has focused on Taiwanese Minnan and Modern Standard Mandarin. The use of other languages (such as Hokkien, Hakka) also varies with the region, and most studies on this topic have focused on Taiwanese Hokkien and Modern Standard Chinese. The current study specifically focused on marriage immigrants in Hakka families in the Yangmei District of Taoyuan, conducting a case study. This study employed in-depth interviews to explore the code-switching behaviors of marriage immigrant women in Taiwan. By using markedness theory, this study examined the conversational structures employed by these immigrants and analyzed the social motivations and sociopragmatic functions of their code-switching practices. The findings reveal that code-switching among Indonesian Hakka marriage migrants is influenced by the conversational interlocutor and the topic of discussion, with shifts occurring between Hakka, Chinese, and Indonesian. In general, their speech reflects a fusion of Hakka and Chinese, with a stronger inclination toward Chinese. Furthermore, the generational identity of the conversational partner and the migrants' circumstances in both their hometowns and Taiwan shape their social motivations for code-switching. The study also highlights the sociopragmatic functions of code-switching. Migrants use code-switching to avoid misexpression of unfamiliar matters or to make it easier for others to understand. Additionally, the linguistic choices of one speaker often influence those of the other. In informal contexts, such as those involving gossiping or addressing sensitive topics, code-switching frequently involves shifts to lower level language. This study contributes to the understanding of language use among Indonesian Hakka marriage immigrants by illustrating the relationships between these migrants and their hometowns, in-laws, fellow nationals, and Taiwanese society at large. In doing so, it reveals their social positioning within Taiwan's multicultural landscape.