以框架理論為本之漢語情緒動詞詞彙語意分類研究

Abstract

本研究以Fillmore和Atkins (1992)所提出的框架語意理論(Frame semantics)及Liu 和 Chiang (2008)提出的「中文動詞語意網之架構」為本，探討漢語中的情緒動詞並進行分類。過去的學者從許多不同的角度分析情緒動詞 (例如Levin 1993, Tsai et al 1996, Chang et al 2000, Liu 2002, Lai 2004, and Berkeley FrameNet Project)，皆對情緒動詞的研究奠下了基礎。然而，過去的研究多只著重在數個或小部份的情緒動詞，因此未能盡可能全面廣泛地呈現情緒動詞語意及語法上的表現。此外，對於情緒動詞事件中的主語角色，過去研究大多只提到情緒感知者(Experiencer)及刺激物(Stimulus)這兩種，然而Liu (2009)在研究中，經情緒動詞語意、語法及句式特質提出第三種主要的主語角色: 情緒引動者(Affecter)。

1. Experiencer-oriented (Experiencer as subject) a. Transitive:我欣賞/羨慕/討厭他。 b. Intransitive: 我很害怕/高興/沮喪。 2. Stimulus-oriented (Stimulus as subject) a. Intransitive – an attributive property: 這本書很恐怖/枯燥/有趣。 b. Transitive – an affective impact: 這本書很吸引/感動/激勵我。 3. Affecter-oriented (Affecter as subject) 他惹火/激怒了我。 ‘He infuriates/irritates me.’

採用Liu (2009)三個主要參與角色的看法，本研究以中研院現代漢語平衡語料庫為主要語料來源，觀察並考量情緒動詞的參與者角色、語法表現、事件結構、共現特徵及語意訊息等因素，對漢語情緒動詞進行更深入的語法和語義研究，並依Liu (2009)所建構認知動詞的概念基模，對漢語情緒動詞進一步做全面階層性的分類。在分類上，本研究著重語法及語意上的互動，將漢語情緒動詞分類至由上至下最多四層不同層次的框架中。這四個層次分別為「主框架」、「首要框架」、「基本框架」以及「微框架」(Liu and Chiang 2008)。值得注意的是，這些框架有著共同的概念基模。此外，同一階層的框架間雖然相互差異，但每一個次框架都共同繼承上一個母框架的語意及語法句式特質。在此研究之中，漢語情緒動詞所建立的語意框架結構乃由「情緒主框架」以及承繼於其的四個首要框架、九個基本框架和多個微框架所組成。

經由上述的分類之後，漢語情緒動詞的特性得以清楚展現，例如情緒事件構成的面向、框架與框架間的階層性與關聯性、每個框架語意及語法上的差異以及情緒近義詞彙的區分等等。 簡言之，本研究主要觀察漢語情緒動詞在實際語料中所呈現的語意、語法特點，以情緒動詞共有的概念基模，對漢語情緒動詞做進一步全面的分類，企盼能為漢語情緒動詞的研究提供另一完整清楚的解釋與分析。

Adopting Frame Semantics proposed by Fillmore and Atkins (1992) and the Framework of Mandarin VerbNet by Liu and Chiang (2008), this study aims to explore Mandarin emotion verbs and classify the verbs into a hierarchical structure. A great number of studies have been investigated the behavior of emotion verbs from different perspectives (e.g. Levin 1993, Tsai et al 1996, Chang et al 2000, Liu 2002, Lai 2004, and Berkeley FrameNet Project ). However, most of the previous studies only looked at a small portion or part of the whole field of emotion verbs. Additionally, previous researches only mentioned Experiencer and Stimulus as the two main or frequently subject roles of emotion verbs. However, Liu (2009) explored the lexicalization patterns of Mandarin verbs of emotion and proposed a third type of subject: Affecter.

1. Experiencer-oriented (Experiencer as subject) a. Transitive:我欣賞/羨慕/討厭他。 wo xinshang/xianmu/taoyan ta ‘I admire/envy/dislike him.’ b. Intransitive: 我很害怕/高興/沮喪。 wo hen haipa/gaoxing/jusang ‘I am very frightened/pleased/depressed.’ 2. Stimulus-oriented (Stimulus as subject) a. Intransitive – an attributive property: 這本書很恐怖/枯燥/有趣。 zhe ben shu hen kongbu/kuzao/youqu ‘The book is frightening/boring/ interesting.’ b. Transitive – an affective impact: 這本書很吸引/感動/激勵我。 zhe ben shu hen xiyin/gandong/jili wo ‘The book attracts/touches/encourages me.’ 3. Affecter-oriented (Affecter as subject) 他惹火/激怒了我。 ta rehuo/jinu le wo ‘He infuriates/irritates me.’

This study, adopting Liu’s (2009) three-way distinction proposal, aims to explain and interpret the specific and heterogeneous properties in syntax and semantic of Mandarin emotion verbs and provide a systematical categorization based on the syntax-to-semantics correlations of Mandarin emotion verbs by applying a frame-based and corpus-based analysis. The emotion verbs are categorized into four different layers of frames. They are, from top to down, Archiframe, Primary Frame, Basic Frame, and Micro-frame (Liu and Chiang 2008). Though the frames show diversities, they all share a same conceptual schema postulated with a set of core frame elements. Besides, all children or lower frames inherit the semantic and syntactic properties of the father or upper frame. The hierarchical frame structure of Mandarin emotion verbs in this study includes one Emotion archiframe, four primary frames, nine basic frames, and several micro-frames. The categorization displays some characteristics of Mandarin Emotion verbs, such as perspectives on viewing emotional events, the interrelationship among the frames, and the distinctions of near-synonym sets of verbs. Briefly speaking, this study tries to categorize Mandarin Emotion verbs by the conceptual schema and the syntactic and semantic properties shown through corpus observation and attempts to provide a complete and well-organized explanation and analysis.