職安衛管理系統之風險評估技術指引應用效益研究--以A鋼鐵廠為例

Abstract

TOSHMS及OHSAS 18001職業安全衛生管理系統之建制係依PDCA閉循環架構週而復始進行管理系統的持續改善，尤其在規劃部份需要更周詳且嚴謹的執行，然而許多已通過驗證的廠商在風險評估過程無法與現場的控制措施相對應，也因此在管理系統的PDCA閉循環架構中總是無法連貫且達到以「系統」管理安全衛生的目的。 本研究累積過去輔導職安衛管理系統經驗，且透過與驗證機構及廠商接觸的過程中得以發現，國內驗證機構開立之不符合事項中，在危害鑑別與風險評估部分佔了二分之一以上之不符合比例，顯現風險評估之執行有其探討之必要。因此，本研究參閱國內外風險評估文獻、參與勞委會制定及頒布「風險評估技術指引」，並使用其作為評估工具，遴選危害風險較複雜且職安衛問題較嚴重之鋼鐵產業為研究對象，評估過程以安全觀察之理論基礎與作業安全分析(JSA)之手法拆解軋鋼作業步驟並發掘關鍵性設施失效與人員行為偏離現象，進而針對高風險作業採取適切的工程控制改善與作業管制機制，達到規劃、執行與績效確認之系統化運作，由實際評估過程與控制規劃之決定，發現風險評估技術指引之方法，仍需具備專業知識人員方能有效運用，但評估之方法理論仍可供各界參考引用。 最後，本研究針對鋼鐵產業進行3年職災調查統計，A鋼鐵廠之失能傷害頻率由98年的0.68降為99年的0與100年的0，優於勞委會統計年報統計數據中之金屬基本工業98、99及100年度之4.06、3.70及3.95，甚至全產業98、99及100年度之1.92、1.96及1.83，初步證明利用本研究之評估程序將A鋼鐵廠風險控制於可接受等級。

Design of occupational health and safety management systems such as TOSHMS and OHSAS 18001 must adhere to the PDCA cycle for continual improvement, especially in the planning phase for comprehensive and vigorous implementation. It has been observed that many organizations with certified occupational health and safety management systems fail to match their risk assessment process with the workplace risk control measures. Although the management system is in place but occupational health and safety risks are not controlled with the systems approach. This study aims to analyze the benefit of a rigorous hazard identification and risk assessment process in the occupational health and safety management system. This is stimulated by author’s experience in occupational health and safety management system consulting and common problems of hazard identification and risk assessment observed in the certification process. More than half of the nonconformities issued by various certification bodies are related to hazard identification and risk assessment. The comprehensive guideline for hazard identification and risk assessment promulgated by the Council of Labor Affairs is adopted in this study. Effectiveness of the guideline is verified by combining observations and job safety analysis of a steel mill’s rolling process. This particular research object was chosen because of its complex operations and high occupational injury rates. Instructions for effective implementation of the Council’s guideline such as accident scenario analysis, risk ranking, risk control techniques are provided in this study. Improvements in the study object’s serious injury rates, from 2009 to 2011, with the proposed hazard identification and risk assessment process are analyzed and presented. It is believed that the proposed methodologies, strictly following the PDCA cycle, can be extended to other industries as well.