标题: | 应用于三维可程式化闸阵列之热感知摆放演算法 Thermal-Aware Placement for 3D FPGAs |
作者: | 许蜜佑 Hsu, Mi-yu 黄俊达 Huang, Juinn-Dar 电子研究所 |
关键字: | 摆放演算法;可程式化闸阵列;热感知;placement;FPGA;thermal |
公开日期: | 2010 |
摘要: | 对于继续遵循摩尔定律(Moore’s Law)来说三维积体电路是一个有吸引力的方法。然而在其研究中温度问题是一个关键的挑战。精确的温度分析十分耗时,因此很难整合进摆放阶段(placement)做分析。在三维积体电路研究中,有一个趋势着重在可程式化闸阵列(FPGA)上,因为其可以同时达到复杂电路设计及上市时机缩短两个目的,同样的,在三维可程式化闸阵列中温度问题也是重要的。因此,这篇论文提出两个热感知摆放演算法,即标准差法(Standard Deviation)和踩地雷法(Minesweeper),皆以分散区块分布来降低热点(hotspot)的产生。标准差法是先去计算晶片上不同区域的使用率,再去降低数值之间的标准差,踩地雷的方法则是减少每块区块周围的拥挤程度,使其均匀分布。实验结果显示,在可接受的线长与延迟增加下,两方法平均可以降低9%的最高温度、81%的温度标准差和67%的最大温度梯度,更甚之,踩地雷法只多增加3.49%时间就可达到目的。我们方法可有效把温度问题整合入摆放阶段同时线长跟延迟结果一样好。 Three-dimensional (3D) integration is an attractive way to continue sustaining Moore’s Law; however, it has a critical challenge – the thermal issue. Precise thermal analysis is time-consuming and thus it is impractical to be integrated into the placement process directly for the exploding problem size in 3D technology. In 3D ICs, one of the current trends is employing field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) because 3D FPGAs can both integrate complex circuit designs and speed up time-to-market. Since 3D FPGAs are a type of 3D ICs, thermal issue is also important for them. In this thesis, two thermal-aware placement methods for 3D FPGAs are proposed – Standard Deviation (SD) and Minesweeper (MS), which are devoted to disperse block distribution to avoid hotspots. SD utilizes the concept that minimizes the standard deviation of utilization for different parts on the chip; the idea of MS comes from minesweeper, which is to reduce the congestion of neighbors for every block. The experimental results show that improve more than 9% in maximum temperature, 81% in temperature deviation and 67% in maximum temperature gradient compared to thermal-unaware placement method with acceptable extra wire length and delay. Moreover, MS takes only 3.49% runtime overhead due to its simplified update steps. These two methods integrate efficiently thermal behavior into placement process while keeping the quality of the results good enough. |
URI: | http://140.113.39.130/cdrfb3/record/nctu/#GT079711634 http://hdl.handle.net/11536/44336 |
显示于类别: | Thesis |
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