從IDM 與晶圓代工的消長分析台灣半導體產業之競爭優勢與策略

Abstract

在全球半導體產業中Fab light或Fabless有不斷擴大的趨勢，尤其在金融風暴後甚至日本地震之後更加速了此一現象。而且面對電子產業的快速變化與新產品的推出，例如蘋果公司的iPhone、iPAD及平版手機與智慧型手機的急遽成長.不僅帶動整個半導體的成長，更牽動整個半導體的供應鏈。然而隨著晶圓代工快速成長率，例如在2010年成長率40% 高於整體半導體的成長率(30%)，吸引更多的競爭者加入， 如GLOBALFOUNDRIES與Sumsung。面對此複雜的變化，對半導體產業是機會也是挑戰。，本研究的目的是研究半導體產業中的晶圓代工廠商的經營現況與策略以及台灣半導體晶圓代工廠商的未來發展機會與可能挑戰之處為何。研究首先探討台灣半導體以及晶圓代工的優勢與趨勢，利用初步發現並採取「個案研究法」著重於業者之經營策略及其反映於財務報表之最後營運效益，希望藉由從所收集到的企業公開揭露財報中之相關財務資訊，透過財務分析以及進一步分析，了解台灣晶圓代工廠商之發展與機會。 研究發現半導體晶圓委外代工的趨勢將持續，尤其像金融風暴日本地震等因素將加速其委外代工，其主要原因為對技術的需求而造成的技術開發門檻以及12”晶圓廠高成本，此現象也造成大者恆大，追求技術領先的趨勢。從個案研究中除了驗證此一現象外，另外的主要發現是對晶圓代工廠商而言除了狹隘的技術成長外，最重要的關鍵是開發利基技術，快速的量產，除了本身獲利成長外同時支援客戶更快更好的產品搶佔市場，創造與客戶的雙贏。，除此外更可加速IDM的退出。從這樣的結論下來看，台灣晶圓代工廠商現在與未來都擁有此一絕對優勢，包含台灣完整的供應鏈與代工策略。但是從另一長期角度思考，台灣代工廠商最大威脅將是韓國三星(Sumsung)，因其擁有政府長期支援與整個電子產業市場的規模與技術，將是台灣晶圓代工廠商，特別是在莫爾定律遇到瓶頸時的最大的威脅，針對此現象，台灣晶圓代工廠商必需找尋求其它策略支援，例如多角化經營、政府政策支援、產業整合、自我品牌建立等等這也將是下一個可研究的議題。

In the global semiconductor industry, the fab light and fabless have the continuous expansion trend, and the phenomenon accelerated especially after the financial crisis and even the earthquake in Japan. Facing the rapid change of the electronic industry and the release of the new product, iPhone, iPAD, flat plate mobile phone, and smart mobile phone of Apple Inc. grow rapidly, which not only spurs on the overall semiconductor growth but also influences the overall semiconductor supply chain. However, with the foundry rapid growth rate, the 40% growth rate of 2010, which is higher than the 30% overall semiconductor growth rate, attracts more competitors to join, such as GLOBALFOUNDRIES and Samsung. The complex change is both an opportunity and competition for the semiconductor industry. The research purpose is to study the foundry management status quo and strategy of the semiconductor industry and the prospective developing opportunity and possible challenge of the semiconductor foundry of Taiwan. First of all, the study explores the advantage and disadvantage of the semiconductor of Taiwan and of the foundry, utilizes the preliminary finding, adopts the “case study”, focuses on the management strategy of the proprietor and final operational benefit which reflects in the financial statement, hopes to publicly disclose the relevant financial information in the financial statement via the enterprises collected and understands the development and opportunity of the foundry of Taiwan via the financial analysis and further analysis.

The study finds that the semiconductor foundry trend will continue, and the factors, such as financial crisis and the earthquake in Japan, will accelerate the foundry. The main reason is that the technology demand causes the technology developing threshold and the high cost of the 12" wafer plant, and the phenomenon also causes the trend that a large corporation is permanently large and of pursuing technology precedence. The case study not only verifies the phenomenon but the main findings are also that it is the narrow technology growth for the foundry and that the paramount keys are developing the niche technology, rapid mass production, concurrently supporting the customers a more rapid and better product to race to control the market on top of the self profit growth and creating a win-win situation with customers. In addition, it can accelerate the IDM withdrawal. It can be seen from the conclusion that the foundries of Taiwan all possess the absolute advantage now and in the future, including the complete supply chain and foundry strategy of Taiwan. But thinking from another long-term angle, the greatest threat of the foundry of Taiwan is Samsun because it possesses the government long-term support and the scale and technology of the overall electronic industry market, and it will be the greatest threat of the foundry of Taiwan, especially when the Moore’s law meets the bottleneck. Aiming at the phenomenon, the foundry of Taiwan must seek other decision support, such as diversification, government policy support, industry integration, self brand establishment, which is also the next issue worth research.