台灣鑑識制度之探討—以英國與美國為例

Abstract

犯罪現場物證經由鑑識科學檢驗能夠提供警方辦案的方向，鑑定的報告書能夠供法官在法庭上作為審理、判罪的重要參考依據。二十世紀初期，世界各先進國家開始建立鑑識實驗室、組織鑑識學會，發展偵查科技和鑑識科學的領域，期望借重科學辦案的力量，讓警方能夠更精確、有效率的偵辦案件，目前英美兩國的鑑識制度為世界上最完善的國家，而台灣鑑識制度正處於剛開始的發展階段，因此英美兩國可作為台灣的標竿學習對象。 在2009年美國國家科學院，針對美國的鑑識制度提出一份檢討報告，指出目前美國鑑識制度和教育的問題，並且提出如何降低檢驗錯誤的機率、提高鑑識的精準性和可信度的建議。本研究採用次級資料分析法以及比較性個案分析法，先收集英美兩國鑑識資料進行整理，再與台灣鑑識現況互相比較分析，主要探討三部分:鑑識實驗室型態、鑑識實驗室認證以及鑑識教育與鑑識人員認證，希望藉由台灣和英國、美國的比較與討論，可供未來制定鑑識實驗室認證規範、改善鑑識課程規劃以及建立鑑識人員認證制度之參考。 本研究結果得出首先建立隸屬於行政院的中央層級鑑識機構，由政府主導台灣鑑識制度發展，並且從多方面進行改善，第一，政府增加預算於擴建資料庫的種類和資料量；第二，推動符合國際認證的台灣鑑識實驗室和鑑識人員制度；第三，改善台灣目前鑑識課程設計並且推廣鑑識課程到一般大學，並且加強一般民眾對於鑑識科學的認識。期望能建立更完善的台灣鑑識規範，發揮科學採證的精神，增加破案的機會並可減少冤獄的發生。

Crime scene evidences examined through forensic science can indicate the police clues of criminals and forensic reports are imperative references to judges to examine legal cases. The United States and the United Kingdom has developed forensic science for more than one hundred year and have excellent forensic systems in the world; otherwise, the forensic system in Taiwan is still in the beginning stage. Therefore, forensic systems of the United States and the United Kingdom can be benchmarks of Taiwan. In 2009 United States National Research Council presents a report about current problems in United States forensic systems and also proposes solutions to these problems. This thesis first is conduct by second data analysis to collect and analyze data of the United States, the United Kingdom and Taiwan. And then these data are analyzed and compared by Comparative Case Study. There are three parts discussed in the thesis: forensic science laboratory, forensic science laboratory certification, and forensic science education and expert certification. The main purpose of the thesis is to compare the three parts mentioned above in forensic systems as a reference to improve Taiwan forensic system. There are several suggestions proposed in the result of the research. First, the government should establish the central forensic science ministry of Executive Yuan, and the mission of this institution is to reform Taiwan forensic systems. Second, the government should increase the budget to build up more databases and expand the amounts of data by altering the law. Third, the central forensic science ministry should order Taiwan forensic science laboratory and experts certifications that correspond to the international regulations. Fourth, Taiwan academy of forensic science can cooperate with Education Ministry to design and establish forensic science courses in Universities; it will let more people have forensic science knowledge. Through these main reformations Taiwan forensic system will be well-developed in the future.