宗族形成與變遷:以新竹縣新豐鄉姜朝鳳宗族第三房為例

Abstract

以金廣福墾號著稱之新竹縣姜朝鳳宗族，其渡台原居地為新豐鄉海邊的姜厝。姜朝鳳七子分家後，第三房姜勝韜族人居留此地；但其餘房派陸續遷移至新竹東南山區，組金廣福墾號，開墾與定居。這使得姜朝鳳宗族這兩地的子孫在語言使用及生活習慣等，皆有截然不同的面貌。本文乃以第三房姜厝為重點，藉文獻研究與田野調查，建構姜朝鳳宗族渡台至今的宗族史，為北台灣客家、閩南宗族發展再添見證。 本論文包含三大面向，在土地方面，以姜家相關土地契約與日治土地申告書了解地權、地產與地用，說明國家與地主、地主與佃農、家族間的互動關係。 在親屬關係上，一方面藉憑日治時期戶口除戶簿，分析收出養行為；另一方面以田野研究方法，觀察紀錄姜家祭祖儀式以及各房祭祖儀式的差異。 最後，以歷史人類學的視野，將家族累積發生過的親屬關係與地方信仰與廟會活動的人群、宗族互動內容，放在歷史的時間軸下詮釋，說明宗族之形成及其在地化發展的軌跡。

關鍵字：新豐、客家、家族、宗族、閩客、金廣福、義民廟

Jiang Chao Feng Clan in Hsinchu County is known as Jin Guang Fu Reclamation Guard. The place of origin after they migrated to Taiwan was Xingfeng Township’s Jiang Cuo by the sea. After Jiang Chao Feng’s seven sons divided up family property and lived apart, the third son’s family, the clansman of Jiang Sheng Tao stayed here. But the other brothers’ families were moved to the southeast mountain area of Hsinchu, they organized Jin Guang Fu Reclamation Guard to reclaimed and settled down. This made Jiang Chao Feng Clan‘s descendants of these two places have completely differences in using language and living habit appearance to each other. This article stresses on the Jiang Cuo of the third son’s. Building the Jiang Chao Feng Clan‘s clan history so far by literature research and field study to describe the clan development of the Hakkas and Minnan of north Taiwan. This paper includes three approaches. Firstly, in the aspects of land, by analyzing the Jiang family’s land contracts and of Japanese rule period, explains the relationship between state and farmers, tenant and landlords, the Jiangs’ and the other clans. Secondly, the family relationship aspect, on the one hand, analyses adoption behavior by the household residence registration of Japanese rule period; on the other hand, observes the differences between Jiang family and each branches’ ceremony of ancestor worship. Finally, interprets the cumulative family relationship that have happened and the people and clans of local beliefs and temple activities under the historical timeline in the view of historical anthropology to explain the formation of clans and it’s track of localized development.

Keywords: Xingfeng, The Hakkas, Family, Clan, Min and Hakka, Jiang Chao Feng, Yimin's temple