一個決策過程概念及架構的討論--從認知的觀點

Abstract

"Decision7 making" has been discussed from different points of view. Some scholars focus on the individual who makes decisions. These scholars describe the decision problem according to the decision7 maker's feelings, and generalize various phases involved in the decision process based on different personal experiences. Other scholars focus on the objective situation faced by the decision7 maker, They describe the decision problem by strictly defining the situation, and view "decision7 making" as the activity of making an optimal choice from alternatives. This paper emphasizes the cognition of a decision7 maker when faces a problem situationl. Differences in the hierarchy of cognition are utilized to classify decision problems so as to improve manipulability of the problem. Here "decision7 making" is defined as a successive process which starts when a person senses a problem and ends when the cognition of alternatives is formed. There7 fore. the hierarchy of cognition is used to discuss and consequently establish a framework of the decision process. In accordance with the initial state of cognition when a decision7 maker faces a problem situation, decison problem will be classified in the continuum to establish a decision process framework. Furthermore, the hierarchy of cognition in the framework will be discussed corresponding to problem7 solving techniques and concepts. In summary, the decision process framework enables a decision7 maker to recognize the appropriate starting point of his thinking activity that he needs to engage in. With the assistance of corresponding techniques, methods and experts in a thinking activity, the time spent in decision7 making as well as the quality of a decision may be improved. 有關決策活動的討論，不同的學者常有不同的著眼點。有的學者以決策者為著眼點， 對決策問題的說明，偏重於對決策者內心感受和變化的描述，而以個人或多人的經驗 為本，規範出決策過程的步驟；有的學者以決策客觀情境為著眼點，嚴謹的定義境來 界定決策問題，將決策活動落實於備選方案中下達選擇的活動。本論文係以決策者對 情境的認知特性為著眼點，並以認知特性層次之差異，對決策問題的類別加以規範， 以提高決策問題可被操作的程度。本文界定決策過程，是自決策情境產生至備選方案 形成的認知狀況演進的過程；因此，得以認知的階段性來討論及展示決策過程。 本文先從決策者對情境的認知起始狀態著手，將決策者面臨決策問題的認知起始狀態 ，以連續譜的概念分類，以劃分成不同認知的明確層次；再從不同認知明確程度的決 策問題中，導引出一個以決策者認知特性為基礎的通用性決策過程架構；同時將認知 特性與現有的一些解題專業技術及概念加以邏輯性的討論。此決策過程架構的建立， 基本上是將決策問題視為一個整體，這個整體在決策過程的進行中，只有認知階段上 的不同。因此，決策者一旦確認，其面臨決策問題時認知起始狀態的認知層次，即可 了解及掌握決策過程中各階段間應從事之因考活動；此不同的思考活動，在觀念上， 可藉由不同技術、方法、專家之輔助，使決策者能減少下達最終決定前所需的探索時 間及提高決策之品質。