機場停車設施需求分配、延時管制及規模配置之研究

Abstract

近年來，航空旅客量持續不斷增加，國、內外一些主要機場因旅客停車需 求成長迅速面臨車位不足、須增建停車設施的問題，但常由於停車系統規 劃設計及營運管理策略的不當，致使機場停車問題無法有效解決，停車服 務品質日趨惡化。本研究嘗試以解析性方法探討影響旅客選擇停車設施之 相關因素，構建旅客停車相關成本函數，分析旅客追求個人停車總成本最 小之選擇行為下，如何依其停車延時長度做選擇決策，藉此構建遠、近端 停車設施停車需求函數及車位需求函數，建立旅客停車需求分配模式，並 沿此研究架構建立營運者停車收益增加量最大之停車延時管制策略模式； 此外，將同時探討供、需兩面相關影響因素及其間相互權衡取捨的關係， 建立旅客停車總和平均成本最小的機場停車系統規劃模式，藉以探究遠、 近端停車設施其最適供給規模及最適之配置。模式結果顯示：停車延時較 短者會選擇近端停車設施，停車延時較長者將選擇遠端停車設施，商務旅 客將較傾向選擇近端停車設施；若實施停車延時管制維持近端停車服務品 質，提昇遠端車位利用率時，停車收益將減少；反之，營運者停車收益會 增加。此外，由相關參、變數之敏感度分析結果瞭解到：停車設施至航站 可及時間愈少或停車費率愈低時其停車需求愈大；旅客愈重視時間成本， 近端停車需求會增加；而旅客停車延時變異愈大時，遠端停車需求將增加 且停車延時管制長度亦會隨之增長。此外，行人步行輔助設施之提供、遠 端轉運服務之改善、機場土地可得性高低、機場位址及旅客特性組成等相 關影響因素改變時，對機場停車系統規模及配置之規劃，均有不同的影響 效應。本研究構建之相關模式及其相關結果的探討分析，應可提供日後規 劃人員或機場營運者在從事停車設施相關的規劃設計或制定停車管理政 策(如停車延時管制、停車費率制定及轉運接駁服務策略)時，能有一較合 理的決策憑準。 The continuing increased parking demand haz resulted in deteriorating parking problems in major airports around the world.Analyticalapproachesareused to explore the factors affecting thetraveler choice;analyzethe cost components of parking process,and formulate modelsto estimate the demand levels of remote and central terminalparking.The demand distribution model is formulated by assuming that travelers choose the parking facility with the minimum total parking cost. On the basis of this model,aparking operating strategy model is then formulated to maximize the operator's revenue while maintaining the levels of services and balancing the utilization of different parking facilities.On the otherhand ,the study further defines cost functions of the supply side of parking facilities,andformulate an airport parking system planning model.Optimization techniques of mathematical programming areused to solve the related models. The model results show that business and short-term trave- lers tend to choose the central terminal parking;while non business and long- term travelers tend to choosethe remote parking.The parking revenue will be reduced ifthe operator impose the parking duration control to maintainthe level of service of the central terminal parking facility and to inc- rease the utilization of the remoteparking facility.The res- ults of sensitivity analyses show that if access time and parking fee are reduced, the parking demand will increase.The demand for central terminal parking will increase when the traveler's time value increases while the demand for the remote parking will increase when the variation of travelers' parking duration distribution increases.Supply factors also have a variety of effects on the optimum sizes and locations of different parking facilities.