本國銀行資金管理與經營績效之研究－差異分析與策略群組之應用

Abstract

在日趨開放自由競爭的金融體系下，銀行同業的競爭將會愈來愈激烈，如何因舊金融的改變，做好資金管理，乃在為今日銀行管理極為重要的議題。本文的目的乃在找出各銀行資金管理上的差異，藉以找出銀行業的策略群組，以及較佳市場定位和經營方式。 本研究國內二十二家銀行為研究對象，研究時間為民國六十八年至民國八十一年。首先依利率升降將這十四年區分為四個時時期，現以0lson的差異分析模式，將各銀行的利潤化區分為數量效果、利差效果、及組合效果。接著以Cool所提出之產業策略群組分析架構，將研究對象區分為不同的群組。分別觀察各時期各群組在資金管理和經營績效上的異同。對於表現出眾的群組，再多方收集資訊、訪談金融專家，找出其之所以與眾不同的原因。 研究結果顯示，銀行業的策略群組現象存在，而且三商銀、世華、合庫常自成一群。在利差逐漸縮小之際，各銀行的資金管理差異也正逐漸擴大。顯見銀行的經營已較以往困難了許多。而由機個表現特殊的群組，發現了四種經營策略其績效頗佳，一是建立全國性甚至多國籍的網路，以掌握大企業；二是在區域內密集佈點，用人當地化；三是創新服務，爭取中上階層的客戶；四是利用個別專業化的知識，擴充利基業務。資金管理策略固然是造成策略群組的主要因素，但在研究中亦發現，某些策略群組的形成原因，並非是資金管理的差異所產生，而是由於主管機關的策略等的外部因素，或是公營銀行特有的任務待內在因素所造成的。

Competitons in Taiwan banking industry has become vigorous since the deregulation of financial institutes in 1980. Hence, how to effectively manage bank's fund is getting critical for Taiwan's Banks. The thesis attempt to find the strategic groups and their competitive strategies for the Taiwan banking industry through the differentiation of fund management among banks. The sample includes 22 Taiwan's domestic commercial banks. The thesis uses the variance analysis method proposed by Olson & Sollenberger (1978) to decompose the profit margin variance of banks into three effects: the volume, the rate and the mix effects. Then we use cluster analysis to group the banks based on these three effects during different interest rate periods from 1979 through 1992. Field interviews of bank's CEO's and experts are conducted to explore the underlying strategies for strategic groups with special performances. As a result, we found the existence of strategic groups in Taiwan banking industry. As the interest spread continuing shrinking, the strategic variance of fund management among banks enlarges. Four competitive strategies may lead to good performance:first, having national or multinational network, second, focusing on local bank; third, having ability to create timely new services; last, owning expertise in special area. In addition, sometime fund management is not the only major factor but government policy or bank's imposed special mission determine their competitive strategy formulation