火災後果模擬運用在緊急應變系統設計

Abstract

本論文主要探討CD-R工廠在火災緊急應變系統設計中有關人員生命安全防護之有效性分析，此研究從三個方向著手。第一，利用火災風險分析概念，分別尋找高火災風險製程單元與區域；第二，利用NIST發展之場模式FDS來模擬高火災風險製程單元與區域所造成之溫度、煙濃度、殘氧濃度與二氧化碳之危害特性；第三，利用IES所發展人員避難逃生軟體SIMULEX來分析人員避難模式與時間。最後歸納第二與第三之結果提出改善火災發生可能造成之重大人員傷亡之建議修正方向。第一部份的研究顯示，高火災風險製程單元主要集中於使用易燃性化學品之機台，而高火災風險區域則與人員數量、高價機台與作業頻度有關。第二部份的分析發現，設有排煙與灑水之區域，其火災危害相對其他較低；單獨設置排煙系統對於煙濃度控制最佳，但對溫度的影響有限；若增設撒水系統對於火場溫度具有控制(Fire Control)的效能，但是抑制(Suppression)效能並未顯現；另外亦發現火場主要危害為溫度效應。第三部份的分析顯示，對於大空間低人員密度，其人員避難快速，只有在靠近集結點處方有擁擠堵塞的現象產生。綜合第二部份與第三部份之結果，當不可忍受情況危害到人員生命安全之際，其對策可從三大方向著手：第一，預防策略，主要是降低化學品存量。第二，防護策略，增設撒水系統、採用及早期偵測系統。第三，應變策略，加強應變演練、縮短反應時間。此研究最大突破在於改變過去以定性模式之緊急應變架構，取而代之以預測災害之定量模式來作為緊急應變架構為主，對於災害之掌握更為明確，且改變以應變人員為主之搶救模式，轉以主被動式防災系統為主之搶救模式，以減少人員的損失。

This paper addresses the analysis of life safety’s protection in renovating emergency response system under fires at the CD-R manufacturing facility. The attentions of this research are focused on three analyses: First, applying the concepts of fire risk analysis techniques to identify the potential high risk at the processing units and areas is achieved. Second, applying the Computational Fluid Dynamics’ zone model— Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), to simulate the characteristics of hazards including temperature, smoke volume rate, residual oxygen concentration and carbon dioxide at the processing units and areas with highly potential risks is fulfilled.. Third, utilizing the evacuation model— Simulex, developed by Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES), to analyze occupant evacuation model and time is accomplished. According to the results of second and third analyses, the suggestions of integrated solutions to reduce the probability of catastrophic incidents can be summarized by plotting timeline and temperature. There has been widely used of flammable chemicals at the processing units which present the greatest risk of fires. There are connections existing between the occupants, the frequency of activities and high-value equipment at the areas of presenting likelihood of high risks. The areas with ventilation systems and automatic sprinkler systems are having relatively low risks of fires compared to other areas. Installation of ventilation systems has the best mean of control of smoke volume rate, but its effect of temperature is quiet limited. The performance of adding automatic sprinkler systems will enhance the mechanism of fire control, but its effect on suppression is not clear. The major hazard of fires is identified as thermal effect. The third part of analysis indicates that the lower occupant load in vast space, the better performance of evacuation except some minor crowded movement at the endpoint. Summarizing the results of the second and third analyses under hazardous conditions, the life safety of occupants may be endangered. The strategies to control such scenarios include: prevention, protection and response. Reduction of the chemicals stored in the areas prevents the possibility of happening. Installation of automatic sprinkler system and early-warning detection system provides the mean of protection. Improving the practice and training of emergency program leads to shortage of response time. This research sets the benchmark of the framework of emergency response by replacing qualitative mode with quantitative mode. As a result, the accountability of the incident will be improved. It not only changes the philosophy of emergency response, but also improves the overall safety of the emergency response personnel with active and passive approaches. Active approaches include automatic sprinkler system, detection system and so on. Passive approaches include dike, compartmentation, fire resistance materials and so on.