标题: | 考量街道宁适性下步行可及性与移动性之研究 Walking Accessibility and Mobility with the Consideration of Street Amenities |
作者: | 蔡耀庆 Tsai, Yau-Ching 许巧莺 Hsu, Chaug-Ing 运输与物流管理学系 |
关键字: | 步行意愿;能量消耗;显示性及叙述性偏好;路线选择模式;代理人模拟法;willingness to walk;energy expenditure;revealed and stated preference;route choice experiment;agent-based model |
公开日期: | 2012 |
摘要: | 近年来,街道改善计画常藉由提升街道空间宁适性以提升视觉、心理愉悦度进而提升步行意愿,其对行人生理机制之影响亦受到关注,特别是当今社会高度重视步行对健康之效益。行人廊道为都市中常见的线型步行空间,主要用于进出交通场站或抵达邻近活动发生点,其规划设计议题大多聚焦在容量设计上,然而近年研究发现平面设计型态亦会影响行人流量。再者多数已开发国家未来都须面对人口老化问题,低速度的老年行人使用大众运输系统比例将增加,廊道内步行移动性差异逐渐扩大,增加碰撞与局部拥挤发生机率。 对此本研究分别从心理与生理量测法分析街道宁适性对步行可及性以及廊道空间平面设计对步行移动性之影响。以行人路权、夜间照明、绿美化、街道家俱、沿途商业活动、铺面以及水景等七个街道空间元素为主要宁适性因子,分别从心理与生理的角度探讨街道宁适因子变动下对步行意愿与距离之影响。心理层面同时设计显示性与叙述性偏好问卷,调查不同起迄对步行路线选择行为,以降低各因子共线性并提高资料变异度,校估步行效用函数,进而观察各宁适性因子变动下对步行意愿与距离之影响。生理层面则透过实验设计,加入上述因素之影响,改善并应用Pandolf et al.(1977)模式于捷运旅客步行能量消耗之调查,进而从能量分布函数推导出各街道空间下之步行可及距离。为确保步行安全性与系统效率,提升民众步行意愿,本研究以Helbing et al. (2000)模式为基础,并透过行为观察构建步行模式,从真实案例归纳出六种替选方案,应用C语言设计代理人模拟程式,探讨可有效提升行人流速的平面设计手法。 结果显示绿美化与商业活动对于步行意愿具有正效应,步行时间则为负效应,亦即规划者在进行街道改善计划时可优先从绿化与沿街商业活动着手改善;行人路权在敍述性偏好中具有极显着的效应,但在显示性偏好中则为不显着,代表实际行为与假设性意愿存在差异;另外,照明设计与街道家俱手法,对于提升步行意愿皆为不显着。生理层面部分,经能量消耗实验校估出Pandolf et al.(1977)修正模式,应用于能量计算以求得次数统计并进行适配度检定,结果发现步行能量消耗呈现Gamma分布,意谓行人于通勤旅次中普遍追求节能、省力之特性。应用花台进行中央分隔与推广低速度行人靠两侧行走可有效提升行人流速;若应用座椅区隔出老人专用空间,虽然提高安全性却大幅降低有效宽度,影响年轻行人之步行速度。本研究结果成果可提供规划者从事步行可及性指标制定、街道改善方案评估以及步行行为分析之参考依据,也进一步解释为何规划者多倾向采用全开放式空间,但透过集体行为规范同样可提高系统效率而又不影响廊道的有效宽度。 How to improve street amenities (SA) to both raise willingness to walk (WTW) and level of service (LOS) is a crucial issue for planners when designing a pedestrian-friendly environment in terms of accessibility and mobility. However, few studies have provided rigorous and systematic analysis to aid this practice. Thus, this research addresses this issue with three topics: first, defining measures of WTW to represent variation across environments; second, estimating WTW for the varied levels of SA; third, designing the arrangement of SA to raise LOS when mobility difference is high. Attributes of street amenities are classified, such as right of way, lighting, planting etc., and WTW is defined with both physiological and psychological measure: energy expenditure (EE) and walking time. The WTW measures taking into account the effects of SA are estimated by designing energy expenditure and conducting revealed and stated route choice experiments. The Pandolf et al. (1977) model is used to analyze the walking energy expenditure (WEE). The terrain factor is adjusted using the calibrated regression function to fit the urban street space in the experiment. To avoid violation of the irrelevance of independent alternatives (IIA), random-parameters logit is applied to build route choice model. With respect to nature of pedestrians and data scale, Helbing’s (2000) agent-based model is modified to model passing behaviors. The simulations are conducted with the designed simulator at Fruin’s (1971) six levels of flow to fully represent pedestrian flow. Results show that WEE sample suggests a Gamma distribution. The accessible walking distance pattern around a service facility should be designed based on the service contour lines which take into account the effects of SA. Results of pedestrian route choice show improvement for right of way, lighting, planting, retailing, and fountains, would significantly enhance WTW. The results of ABM indicate that a corridor in which a line of round objects, such as potted plants, are positioned to divide a bidirectional stream of pedestrian traffic, can result in a relatively smoother flow than if the objects were rectangular in shape, e.g., benches. It is worth noting that by promoting collective self-organizing when it comes to walking direction, and by providing a sub-lane along the wall for slower walking, a better performance can be obtained, even without reducing the effective width. |
URI: | http://140.113.39.130/cdrfb3/record/nctu/#GT079432801 http://hdl.handle.net/11536/71478 |
显示于类别: | Thesis |
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