台灣高科技產業競爭策略與經營績效之相關性研究

Abstract

本論文的研究目的，主要希望從探討台灣高科技產業其競爭策略與經營績效的相關性下，找出台灣高科技產業如何在全球化競爭中取得優勢地位的方法。首先本研究以多變量分析方法，發現新竹科學園區內的高科技廠商約可分為三個策略群組：量產型群組、研發型群組以及一般型群組，其中研發型群組投入較高的研發支出比例屬於差異化策略群組，而量產型群組的勞動生產力與資本生產力最高屬於追求低成本的策略群組，而其中以量產型群組的獲利率表現最佳。然而獲利率表現越佳，是否即意謂高科技廠商越容易生存呢，經本研究以存活分析方法深入探討下發現，其實影響園區內高科技廠商存活的因素除了利潤率以外，研發支出比例亦為重要因素，亦即利潤率與研發支出比例愈高的廠商，才越容易存活。因此，若以競爭策略來代表廠商的存活條件，則表示廠商應該同時兼顧成本領導策略與差異化策略，才能相對其他高科技廠商有較高的存活率。而隨著生產技術的變革以及新竹科學園區提供良好基礎建設與產業間所形成的群聚效應下，大大減低廠商之間的交易成本，使得成本領導和差異化策略間的選擇變得較不明確，許多公司已發現同時獲得兩種策略的利益是較以往容易了。於是台灣IC產業在此優勢環境下，以虛擬整合商業模式降低成本壓力，並能快速變通與回應市場技術的改變，以全球差異化/低成本策略取得競爭優勢（詳如第四章）。因此，台灣高科技產業如何在全球化競爭下取得優勢地位，除了應繼續保有低成本製造優勢外，更應持續投入研究發展支出以維持生產能力與技術創新的優越性。而政府的科技政策與設立科學園區，雖使得高科技廠商在政府財政支援、知識累積與群聚效應因素下，有助於扶持高科技廠商技術升級與降低成本，但是這僅於幫助廠商存活，存活廠商要能繼續成長的動力在其國際競爭力的強弱（詳見第三章），換言之，國際競爭力不能完全依賴政府政策保護即可保有，台灣高科技廠商其競爭對象乃是全球高科技廠商，因此應該積極強化廠商核心競爭力與外銷能力，而非在政府保護政策或給予各項優惠政策下即可成長。綜合而論，台灣高科技產業如何取得競爭優勢，除了透過政府設立科學園區，提供給廠商良好的基礎建設環境外，廠商強化本身的核心競爭力才是其成長的動力來源。

The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate how Taiwan’s high-tech companies achieve their competitive advantages in the global market from the perspective of the interaction between competitive strategies and management performance. The results reveal that three strategic groups exist in Taiwan’s high-tech industries: product-orientation, research- orientation, and normal-orientation strategic group. Among them, research-orientation group has a higher ratio of R&D expenditure, thus belonging to the strategic group of product differentiation. In contrast, product-orientation group has the highest labor productivity and capital productivity and thus is the strategic group of low-cost production. Moreover, product- orientation group has the highest return rate among these three groups (see Chapter 2). However, does a higher rate of return imply a higher probability of a firm’s survival? The dissertation finds that the R&D expenditure ratio is a crucial determinant of a firm’s survival besides the return of sales. Therefore, a firm with both a higher R&D expenditure ratio and a higher return of sales is more likely to survive. The result suggests that a firm has a higher probability of survival if it takes account of both the strategies of cost reduction and product differentiation (see Chapter 3). Owing to the superior infrastructure in Hsinchu Science Park, the clustering effect of companies and technological progress, the transaction costs among companies decline and make the difference between cost-reduction and differentiation less significant. Many companies have found it easier than before to maintain the advantages of cost-reduction and differentiation. Therefore, the IC industry in Taiwan adopts the business model of virtual integration to reduce costs and respond to market changes promptly (see Chapter 4). However, how can the high-tech industry maintain its competitive advantage when facing mounting challenges from other countries? Although the technology policies of governments and Hsinchu Science Park provide preferential policies and create clustering effect that is beneficial to companies, they only increase the probability of companies’ survival. Nevertheless, the growth of a company hinges on its globally competitive advantage (see Chapter 3). Therefore, the preferential policies from government cannot assure a company’s success. Taiwan’s high-tech industry needs to strengthen its core competitiveness and its ability of exporting to compete with other companies around the world. In summary, in order to enhance the competitive advantage, Taiwan’s high-tech companies are required to reinforce their core competitiveness besides the preferential policies of governments and the establishment of science parks.