重訪神學與主權的寬恕： 觸動寬恕的難能之能

Abstract

寬恕是一個古老而的倫理學觀念，尤其在面對國家或集體性的政治暴力之後的和解問題上，一方面，我們無法忽略寬恕在和解途徑所可能具有的積極作用：另一方面，在正義的要求下，寬恕卻又導致不正義的後果。儘管寬恕是一核心的神學觀念，並且經常為政治主權所援用；然而，寬恕在政治主權與神學的脈絡中反而可能成為一種政治利益交換的婉言，或是輕易饒恕的廉價恩典，這也導致寬恕往往被視為有礙正義的一種去政治化的實踐。本論文梳理寬恕在古典哲學、神學、政治哲學等脈絡下的不同意涵，並重新探討寬恕在實踐層面上的種種疑難，希望能夠對寬恕的不可能性進行反思之後，尋找到觸動寬恕的某種可能性。

本論文認為，寬恕之所以潛在地妨礙正義的實踐，正是由於寬恕往往是被當作政治主權、神權、主體主權的方式來理解與運用。寬恕並非一種定義明晰、規則清楚、意義明確的穩定概念，而是不斷對不正義的過往進行重新的提問、理解的一種問題視域。寬恕既不是政治主權、神學主權、主體主權所掌有的一項權力╱權利，也不是一次完成的決斷。寬恕是以問題視域的型態，在某種片刻中發生的「蹤跡」，而這種發生的蹤跡是一種無法以概念、規則予以錨定的「非起源之源」。寬恕之所以具有鬆動仇恨、滌清悲悼的動量，是因為它對悲情、仇恨的既有可感性配置提出了疑問。因此，本論文嘗試透過審美的路徑，來探討寬恕發生的可能性。

Forgiveness is an ancient, ethical idea. It's also an updated problematics when facing the issue of reconciliation after state or collective political violence. We could not exclude forgiveness as a positive factor from the way to reconciliation; however, forgiveness could have negative consequences under the demand of justice. Forgiveness is so significant in theology that it is frequently appropriated as political means, which make forgiveness as political euphemism or as cheap grace. These are the reason why forgiveness is usually taken as harmful to justice. The main aim of the dissertation is to retrace the meanings of forgiveness under different contexts from classical philosophy, theology and political philosophy and discuss possible aporias that actualization of forgiveness might meet.

The core problem that forgiveness might be harmful to justice lies in that forgiveness is taken as a right or power to be done or given by a political sovereignty, the sovereignty of God or a personal subject. In my opinion, forgiveness is not a definite concept or stationary rules that one can follow as a determinant and determinable decision. On the contrary, it exists as a horizon of questioning, occurs in some moment and leaves only "traces"--the origin of non-origin. It's the momentum or energy that forgiveness as a horizon of questioning has that could possibly loosen the knot of hatred and mourning from past trauma. The momentum or energy of forgiveness comes from the ability to disturb the distribution of the sensible which is established after past political violence. I appeal to aesthetic orientation to disturb or re-distribute the distribution of the sensible coming from previous configuration in order to find the possibility of touching the impossibility of forgiveness.