緊急照明燈光學特性影響評估

Abstract

本研究以配光曲線實驗進行緊急照明燈光學特性之研究，藉由該實驗，獲得燈具光強度空間分布，並藉由多組樣品進行實驗結果比對，評估燈具構造、光源規格、安裝方式，輸入電壓等因素對於燈具光學特性的影響。目前緊急照明燈產品驗證部分沒有任何關於光學特性檢測項目，相關產品在品質上參差不齊，緊急照明設計多以經驗或光通量公式來計算燈具盞數或位置，廠商完全無法提供一個有科學根據的安裝設計說明與限制，造成現場消防檢查或驗收程序、照明性能都有相當多的問題。建於前述緣由說明，本研究希望能藉此提供給燈具製造商、消防設計人員及消防主管機關、檢驗單位在產品設計、產品檢驗、法規訂定以及照度設計科學且明確的依循。 研究發現使用配光曲線實驗可快速取得燈具在不同方向之光強度值，適用於地表水平照度計算與照度分析。由實驗得知，不同安裝方向之照明燈具對於地表水平照度值影響甚大，嵌頂型燈具比壁掛型燈具表現較佳，在本研究實驗樣品中，部分壁掛型燈具在安裝高度2.5公尺時，就無法符合設置標準「應能提供避難路徑地表水平照度2lx以上」規定，可見光學檢測項目對於緊急照明燈具性能之重要。 此外，實驗發現目前的緊急照明燈在標稱功率與實際消耗功率有顯著差異，多數市售緊急照明燈具消耗功率不足標稱功率一半，實際總光通量僅有標稱值的1/8，與實際設計使用的參考值有明顯落差，造成目前緊急照明燈現場設計與使用流於形式，無法提供緊急避難時所需之基本照明，由於照明設備失效導致人員避難時傷亡。 本研究建議為改善目前緊急照明燈的問題就必須由設備檢驗端著手，建立燈具光學特性檢測項目，將燈具安裝設置規定及限制條件明定在產品使用手冊或型錄上，使緊急照明燈可以被合理設計及使用，發揮緊急照明功能，協助民眾緊急逃生避難上能安全無虞。

This study shows the research of using candlepower distribution tests to study the characteristics of emergency lighting and lighting science. The spatial luminous intensity distribution of light intensity lamps was obtained. Through comparison of groups of samples with experimental results, lighting structure, light specifications, installation, input voltage and other factors affecting the optical characteristics of the lights were evaluated. Currently there are no standard verification methods for the optical characteristics of emergency lights, which lead to products with a wide range of quality. The design of emergency lighting is mostly based on experience or flux formulas to calculate the number and location of light fixtures, manufactures are unable to provide a scientific explanation to their installation instructions and design constraints, resulting in considerable problems during fire inspection or acceptance procedures for lighting performance. In view of the foregoing reasons described, this study hopes to provide lighting manufacturers, firefighting designers, fire authorities, and inspection units a clear and scientific guideline to follow for emergency lights’ product design, product testing, regulatory standards and illumination design science. This study found that the use of candlepower distribution test can quickly obtain intensity values for lamps in different directions which are then used for surface illumination calculation and analysis of the illumination level. Another study found the impact on the surface level of illumination using different mounting directions varies greatly where top inlay model performed better than wall-mounted lighting fixtures; wall-mounted luminaire mounting height of 2.5 meters does not meet the standards of a ground level 21x luminance values specified above. This demonstrates the importance of optical characteristics tests on light performances. In addition, the study found significant differences between emergency light’s stated power consumption and its actual power consumption at nominal power; most commercially available emergency lighting’s stated nominal power consumption is less than half of the actual consumption and the total flux is only around 1/8 of the stated value. This significant gap results in the current design of emergency lighting falls to a mere formality and the lights are unable to provide basic lighting required for emergency evacuations, and also causes casualties during evacuation due to equipment failure. This study suggests that in order to improve the current emergency lighting problem, we must begin by changing the equipment inspection standard; establish a complete test item dedicated to optical characteristics, show light’s installation setup requirements and restrictions in product manuals and catalogs so that emergency lights can be reasonably designed and used to perform the emergency lighting function and assure safe emergency escape evacuations.