飛航組員對飛航管制與場站設施威脅因素之認知探討

Abstract

根據統計，飛安事件有八成是人為因素造成的，而飛航組員則是防止飛安事件的最後一道防線，與飛安相關的各研究機構、主管機關或航空公司莫不竭力消弭飛航操作中可能面對的威脅。本研究綜整相關文獻發現，影響工作壓力的因素來自以下幾種類型的因素：與航空器操作相關資訊、空域複雜程度、內外部環境因素、飛機與空域相關因素，其他因素諸如飛航管制員特性等都會影響工作壓力的形成。本研究針對飛航操作中的外部環境之場站設施與飛航管制，將場站設施以「跑道」、「滑行道」與「其他部分」，飛航管制則以飛航中五個階段區分：「塔台地面管制」、「起飛離場」、「離場至航路」、「航路進場」以及「進場塔台」為探討範圍。

本研究以國內四民用航空運輸業者為例，針對飛航組員主要飛航的機場，分別就場站設施與飛航管制以紙本問卷進行調查，主要分析結果如下： 一、本研究所擬之問卷項目，經相關檢定結果指出，具有良好的量表信度、內容效度。 二、機場設施部份則可看出對飛航操作直接影響的跑道、滑行道的滿意度都不佳，以中正機場與馬公機場的滑行道道面品質不滿意最為明顯。其不滿意的原因多半是跑道、滑行道不平直，道面凹凸不平，與飛機起降頻繁或是維修保養品質有關。 三、飛航階段的部份則可發現一個現象，不論在哪一個機場，只要與飛航管制員接觸較多的階段都出現比較多不滿意的項目；也就是說起飛爬升與下降進場階段與飛航管制員的接觸頻繁而有比較多不滿意的項目，平飛階段則是反應平平。 四、在飛行場站整體而言，國內的飛航組員都是以松山機場為主要作業機場，其次是高雄小港機場和桃園機場，而本次研究的回收問卷數量也以上述三座機場佔大多數，其次才是以松山機場向外飛航的機場，因此本研究的結果可顯示出大部份的飛航組員所關切的機場。

As statistics shows 80%accidents were resulted to Human Error and the Flight Crews are the last barrier of defense mechanism. By collecting literature reference, we found the contribution factors to the stress of Flight Crew as follows: information related to flight operations, complexity of flight path, internal/external environment factors, and performance of Air Traffic Controllers and so on. To specify what may cause the threat in the external environment, we classify Aerodrome Facility and Air Traffic procedure. To minimize the particular issues what the Flight Crews are concerned, this study concludes the Runway facility, Taxiway facility and other related issued for Aerodrome Facility; taxi before take-off, initial climb, cursing, descending and taxi after landing for Air Traffic Control procedure. From this study we may get some useful information, which are: unsatisfied with facility and procedure such as: Airport facilities can be seen on the part of flight operations directly affect the runway, taxiways satisfaction are poor, at the airport and Makung airport taxiway blazing dissatisfied with the quality of the most obvious. Most of the reasons for their dissatisfaction is the runway, taxiways not straight, uneven pavement, and frequent flight or maintenance of the quality. Flight stage part of a phenomenon can be found, regardless of where an airport, as long as the flight controllers and more contact with the stage of a more dissatisfied with the project that is taking off and climbing up and drop-stage approach Air controllers have frequent contact with the more dissatisfied with the project, level flight stage, a mediocre response. In the aerodrome of a whole, the country's flight crews are Sung-Shan Airport as the main operating the airport, followed by the Kaohsiung Hsiaokang Airport. And the recovery of the study questionnaire to the number three airports in the majority, followed by the Sungshan Airport outward flights to the airport, the results of this study may show what airport the flight crews concern the most