頭前溪鳳山溪流域三官信仰調查研究

Abstract

本研究經過兩年的努力，在第一年的工作以鳳山溪為主要範圍，針對以三官大帝為主神寺廟及三官相關之嘗會組織展開調查。釐清三官信仰在鳳山溪流域之空間之分布，與設立之時程。尤著力於鳳山溪流域之土地拓墾史，相關文獻、檔案以及民間史料之蒐集。經本年的助努力，在文獻蒐集上已有相當良好的成績。 第二年的工作則以頭前溪為主要範圍，針對以三官大帝為主神寺廟、三官（界）爐以及三官相關之嘗會組織展開調查。相對於鳳山溪建廟奉祀三官較普遍，頭前溪流域在建廟較少的現象下，如何奉祀三官大帝，其相關之「三官會」、「三官嘗」設立及運作的方式，亦為本年度的調查研究重點。經由本年度的研究可明白閩南、客家與原住民族在頭前溪流域開墾史上所扮演的角色，清楚的看出三族群的互動關係與民間宗教的關聯。本年度除對陳福成墾區三官信仰的情形有一定的認識，且完成相關論文，也對三官廟信徒在長時段中信仰的演變。此一議題相當具研究的價值。 第三年計畫將綜合探討此區域三官信仰之空間分布，經由頭前溪與鳳山溪流域三官信仰之個案研究，分析比較兩流域之拓墾、水利、族群與三官信仰之間的關係。尤其著重三官信仰與地域社會之關係，探討其地域社會之形成與運作。藉由個案的討論明白三官信仰的建立、組織、運作，再者地域性信仰的異同及信徒在長時段中信仰的演變，則為討論的另一重點。綜合三年之研究成果，撰述成果報告，希望經由本計畫，能對客家族群的三官信仰有一較清晰的認識。

Touchien Stream and Fengshan Stream are important rivers in Chuchian area and major residence of Hakka people. Belief of “Sanguan” was common in folks initially and showed no separation in southern Fukien area and Hakka area. However, performance of followers of their belief showed significant distinction. Most temples with “Sanguan” as dominant god are located in Hakka area of northern Taiwan. While belief of “Sanguan” of population lived in Fengshan Stream and Touchien Stream areas which are residences of the same Hakka population shows different style. As for quantity of temples, over 30 Sanguan temples are located in Fengshan Stream and Tochien Stream areas, in which almost 30 temples belong to Fengshan Stream area (including Longtan of Taoyuan County) and only 3 temples are located in Touchien Stream area (1 in Cyonglin Township and 2 in Hengshan Township). In addition to temples for worship, the similar phenomenon also showed in Sanguanchang and Sanjie Furnace. Reasons behind such phenomenon is worthy of observation. According to survey of ancestor origin of Chinese in Taiwan during Japanese colonial period, ancestor origin distributions of immigrants in two streams areas are of no distinct difference. Although it should not influence belief of Sanguan, different belief styles of Sanguan were established. Belief of Sanguan in Fengshan Stream area was concentrated in Kuanhsi Township of Hsinchu County and Longtan Township in Taoyuan County. Longtan Township was main region of Hsiao family of Pingpu population and Kuanhsi Township was domain of Chuchian Wei Family of Pingpu population. Whether strength of Pingpu aborigine during immigration and cultivation had influenced religion in this area is worthy of observation. Different belief of Sanguan in two areas shall be explored and discussed from view of ethnic relationship during cultivation. In addition to collection and analysis of literature, field investigation was also adopted as important method of collecting important information. Besides observation of temples with “Sanguan” as dominant god, temples and worship activities with “Sanguan” as secondary god were also studies. What is more, since belief of “Sanguan” was usually developed with “original descendant---Sanguanchang---Sanguan Temple”, Sanguan Furnace and Sanguanchang without temples should also be studies.