中國大陸自貿區貿易與金融自由化研究

Abstract

2013年9月29日，中國大陸(上海)自由貿易試驗區(China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone)正式成立，又稱為上海自由貿易區或上海自貿區。縱覽上海自貿區之成立與發展，其充滿著鮮明的中國大陸特色，如成立自貿區決策時間短，自貿區建設推進迅速，政策試驗性質濃厚，開放領域和力度呈現逐步擴大與加強之態勢等等。面臨中國大陸愈來愈開放的經貿政策，對於中國大陸自貿區貿易與金融自由化的研究尤顯必要。 1949年以來，中國大陸的金融體系經歷了1949-1953年的恢復、1953-1978年的社會主義計畫金融體制建設、1979-1983年的以中央銀行為核心的金融機構體系的建設、1984-1992年的有計劃商品經濟理論指引下的金融改革、1993-1997年的以建立社會主義市場經濟體制為目標的金融體制改革、1998-2001年的防範金融風險之改革以及2002至今的金融體系的開放化進程加快的幾個階段。貿易體系則經歷了1949-1978的封閉化、1978-1985的初步開放、1986-1994的入關談判、1995-2001的入世談判和2002至今的自由貿易協定幾個階段。從中國大陸金融和貿易體系的自由化進程來看，我們可以合理預估未來的中國大陸將更加開放與自由。而自貿區則是中國大陸金融和貿易自由化中的重要一步。 上海自貿區由上海浦東機場綜合保稅區、洋山保稅港區、上海市外高橋保稅區和外高橋保稅物流園區幾個部分組成。自2013年成立以來迅速發展，其採用負面清單的管理模式，力圖推進中國大陸的貿易與金融自由化。其貿易功能主要有國際貿易、出口加工、國際物流、離岸貿易；金融功能主要有國際貿易結算中心、融資租賃、跨境人民幣結算、期貨保稅交割與倉單質押。而從自貿區的發展而言，自貿區還擁有或將擁有跨境電子商務和套利貿易、拓展口岸服務、服務貿易、票據與投資便利、離岸金融業務、放寬外匯管制、完善金融服務體系等功能。 但從上海自貿區的法制框架而言，依然充滿了中國大陸的特色，以國家意志推進政策之實施，往往容易出現種法律程式上之疑問。但我國在推進自由經濟示範區上，似乎陷入了另外一個極端，進展緩慢，未來之績效可能不顯。面對國際激烈的競爭，我們應當對台灣經濟政策進行反思。

A procedure is On September 29, 2013, China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, also known as Shanghai Free-Trade Zone (Shanghai FTZ), was formally established. To overview the establishment and development process of the Shanghai FTZ, there exists several special characteristics, such as short establishment time, rapid construction progress, a trial basis policy, and gradually enlarged and strengthened application areas, and so on. Facing more and more open economic policies in China, the study of Mainland China trade and financial liberalization is particularly needed. Since 1949, Mainland China's financial system has gone through several stages: (1) from 1949 to 1953, the recovery period, (2) from 1953 to1978, the construction of the socialism planned financial system, (3) from 1979 to1983 the construction of the Central Bank as the core financial system, (4) from 1984 to1992, a planned financial reform under the guidance of the theory of commodity economy, (5) from 1993 to 1997, established a socialism market economy as the goal of the financial system, (6) and from 2001 to 2002, the focus on financial risks prevention. Trading system history can also be divided into several stages: the first stage is called closure period which was from 1949 to 1978, preliminary open trading system was in 1978-1985 and in 1986-1994, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations was reformed. The World Trade organization (WTO) negotiations were from 1995 to 2001. Free-trade agreements (FTA) were from 2002 to now. From China's financial and trading system development process, one can expect China to be more open and liberal in the future. The FTZ is a very important step in Mainland China’s financial and trade iii liberalization. There are several areas covered in Shanghai FTZ including Shanghai Pudong Airport Comprehensive Bonded Zone, Yangshan Bonded Port Area, Shanghai Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone and Waigaoqiao Bonded Logistics Park. The main function of this trade zone is international trade, export processing, international logistics, offshore trade while financial function is mainly in international trade settlement center, including financial leasing, cross-border RMB clearing, futures bonded delivery and pledge of warehouse receipts. From the development of the Shanghai FTZ, the FTZ will have a cross-border e-commerce and arbitrage trade, expandable port services, trade-in services and investment facilitation instruments, offshore financial services, relaxation of foreign exchange controls, improvement on financial services system and other functions. However, the legal structure of Shanghai free trade zone is full of the characteristics of the Mainland China- applying government volition to enforce policies, which may cause lots of legal questions and concerns. On the other side of Taiwan Strait, Taiwan is promoting the free economic demonstration zone, and seems to face another extreme situation - much slow progress which will lead to possibly insignificant future performance. Facing fierce international competition, we should think more about what Taiwan's economic policy and strategy should go.