國家、象徵暴力與民間信仰：以鹿耳門天后宮為例的討論

Abstract

在世俗化的社會中，政治上的意識形態轉變如何能夠影響宗教的發展？本文討論的是臺灣民間信仰場域，透過一間廟宇個案的討論，闡述政治上的意識形態轉變，如何經由國家歷史與國家文化的重新建構，從而影響了民間信仰的發展。焦點放在戰後為了反攻大陸之需所進行的國家歷史敘事，以及1990年代本土化力量下的國家文化建構，如何影響了民間信仰活動的發展。透過對鄭成功相關祭祀制度與地景之建立，以及教科書編纂與媒體報導的描述，本文分析了「國家歷史」的建構如何影響民間信仰場域中「歷史時間」這項文化資本的內涵，並引發了廟宇之間對這項資本的長期爭奪行動。經由對「中華文化復興運動」、「全國文藝季」等國家文化建設運動及相關論述的分析，本文討論了新「國家文化」的建構是如何地在民間信仰場域中建構出「高文化」，成為廟宇追求的新文化資本，因而改變了廟宇的經營模式，促成了「新廟會文化」的誕生。本文指出，在1950年代與1990年代兩次政治意識形態的轉變過程中，國家象徵暴力在民間信仰場域中重新界定了資本的內涵，改變了場域的資本結構，因而促成了民間信仰活動面貌的轉變。

Using Bourdieu's perspective of ＂symbolic violence＂, the author discusses how the rewriting of ＂national history＂ influenced the development of the temple by depicting the worship institution, memorial landscapes of ＂Zheng Cheng- Gong＂ constructed by the state and the relevant textbooks used in education institution after the World War II. Analyzing how the rebuilding of ＂national culture＂ constructed ＂high culture＂ in the field of popular religion through the description of ＂the movement of the revitalization of Chinese culture＂ and ＂the national session of literature and art＂ in the 1990s, the author discusses how a new form of cultural capital was constructed and gave rise to ＂new temple festival culture＂. The author points out that the temple discussed in this article had gone through two significant political ideology changes. They redefined the content of the capitals of the field and resulted in the change of popular religion. The first one influenced this temple by the rewriting of ＂national history＂. This rewriting influenced the implication of ＂historical time＂ in the popular religion field and made the relevance to ＂Zheng Cheng-Gong＂ an efficient capital. And that made the village people started to engage in developing their temple. The second one influenced the temple by the rebuilding of the ＂national culture＂. It defined new contents of the legitimate cultural factors in the field and therefore changed the course of the progress of this temple. This article points out that local society translates them into meaningful things according to the logic of the popular religion field while they face the national ideologies. And that redefines the contents of capital of the field and therefore changes the structure of the field.