從書院到鸞堂：以苗栗西湖劉家的地方精英角色扮演為例（1752-1945）

Abstract

地方精英是中國主流及核心文化的傳承者，擁有很高的社會地位，通常能夠擔任官府與百姓之間的橋樑。本文即以「從書院到鸞堂：以苗栗西湖劉家的地方精英角色扮演為例（1752 - 1945）」為題，以史料分析為主，並輔以田野訪查，藉由西湖劉恩寬家族在地方上所扮演的領導與教化角色，來探究台灣精英在地方與俗民之間，如何因應與面對清朝及日本兩個不同時代的轉變。 苗栗西湖的劉家在來台祖劉恩寬及來台二世、三世子孫以拓墾的方式累積了豐厚的田產後，建造了雲梯書院，並且透過科舉考試與捐納方式培育自家子弟，使其成為國家認可的地方精英，在地方上擁有一定的身分地位，並協助清朝官府治理地方。不管是團練防盗、聯庄護鄉、為人保結、協助徵收台北府建城經費或是為民喉舌，都顯現出劉家在鄉社的影響力，已與政治權力產生連結。在歷史的洪流下，政治產生變局，台灣成為日本統治的殖民地，而劉家的雲梯書院也轉變為戒煙的鸞堂修省堂，但劉家從清朝累積起來的地位、勢力以及豐裕的財力，提供家族子弟接受日本教育的機會，使得族人延續了清朝時期在地方上的特權和地位。同時，劉家也藉由鸞堂、寺廟、詩社、信用組合及水利會等公共空間，成功的厚植了自己的象徵資本及文化權力網絡。 不管是清朝或日治，劉家面對不同時代的轉變，儘管過程中有所反抗與妥協，但在面對不同的政權時，劉家始終能利用文字知識及鸞書《洗甲心波》的文化資本，維持其地方教化與領導的角色，展現在地的威望；甚至透過鸞書來教化俗民，使其成為一個奉公守法、知禮習儀的單位，亦即一個具有政治意義的團體。

Local elite were those who inherited cultural heritages from Chinese mainstreams; with their prominent social status, they usually held positions in government and became a bridge between officials and local civilians. By analyzing historical data, a field study was conducted on the leadership and educational roles played by local Liu En-kuan Family in Xihu to investigate how Taiwanese elite among local people encountered the transition of two different eras in Ching Dynasty and Japanese Occupation. Liu En-kuan family in Miaoli Xihu established Yun Ti Academy where educated and trained their children through official examinations and donation so that they would become the local elite officially recognized by the nation. They assisted Ching government officials with the management of local affairs. In addition to group training for catching burglars, protecting village and civilians, they also helped in collecting levy for building Taipei Walled City and voicing people’s concerns, indicating Liu family was politically influential in local Miaoli. WhenTaiwan became a colony occupied and governed by Japan. The Yun Ti Academy was turned into Phoenix Hall “Hsiu Sheng Hall” for quitting the habit of smoking Opium. The social status, power, and financial resources collected and built by Liu family from Ching Dynasty, thus, offered opportunities for the children in their family to receive Japanese education so as to continue their local privilege and status obtained from Ching Dynasty. At the same time, by using public sphere such as Phoenix Hall, temples, poetry society, peasant association, and irrigation association, Liu family successfully accumulated their political assets and cultural network in Ching Dynasty and Japanese occupation. Facing the transition of different eras, Liu family was always able to use cultural assets like knowledge in writings and Phoenix book “Hsi Chia Hsin Po” to maintain leadership and educational role demonstrating its reputation in local area while confronting different political power, although resistance and compromise were inevitable during the process.Through teachings of Phoenix book, local civilians were taught to become law-abiding and cultured citizens, that is, a group of people in political senses.