移動在兩個家庭之間：北台灣印尼客家女性的認同與情感民族誌

Abstract

本文認為作為女性，她們生命史中，日常生活裡原生家庭與婚姻家庭文化是不可分割的。Kottak（2005）提到「全球化時代，人們從一地到另一地的移動，擴大與消除了舊有的邊界與社會階級區分。…這些移動的人們處在不斷變動的情況下，了解如何依據地點和情境脈絡來經營其多重身分。」本文印尼客家女性確實連結兩地客家家庭成員互動。而她們根據周遭不同的人、事、物強調自己的身分別，同時認同華人、客家人、山口洋人的多重身分。 本文發現嫁入台灣的印尼客家女性，她們的移動歷程可區分為印尼本國的移動及跨國移動。報導人中擁有印尼本國的移動歷程經歷者，她們帶動原生家庭經濟能力的變動、也豐富自身的工作經歷。她們此時所建立的人際關係，延伸到婚姻家庭裡人際網絡展演。再者，不同世代的印尼客家女性經歷印尼政府排華的影響下，對於華人的認同情感不同，但她們都認同客家情感，藉由客家認同拉近彼此的情感。另外，藉由飲食的互動看到她們藉此分界我群與他群，並且經由食物得到情感慰藉。 本文第一章描述印尼客家女性在加里曼丹山口洋市客家環境下成長。但是印尼排華影響因素，鋪陳不同世代印尼客家女性原生家庭背景。第二章記錄這群女性成長過程裡，她們所經歷的原鄉生活情景，她們的移動歷程，以及在台灣婚姻家庭生活。第三、四章為本論文核心章節。第三章從「印尼嬤」一詞開始注意到刻板印象在她們身上引起的情感波動，她們連結原生家庭與婚姻家庭成員的互動，以及隱藏在飲食的情感。第四章以她們的生活經驗來分析移動過程所伴同的認同，並且以她們的視野來比較兩地客家特質，最後以落地生根或落葉歸根的提問觸碰認同層面。最後一章以本文民族誌個案來與新移民女性研究、客家族群進行對話，表達印尼客家女性生命經驗的豐富面向以及兩地客家互動的動態過程。

In this study, a new concept concerning women is introduced, which suggests that their families of origin and families of marriage are inseparable. According to Kottak (2005), “in the era of globalization, people move from one place to another; therefore, some of the borders and the distinction of different social classes are either widened or eliminated….Under the condition of constant moving, these people know how to operate with multi-identities, in accordance with place and condition.” As it can be seen from this research, Indonesian Hakka women indeed connect with the interaction of Hakka family members between Indonesia and Taiwan. These women not only emphasize their identity in accordance with people, things, and conditions but also recognize their multi-identity as being Chinese, Hakka, and Singkawangese.

According to the results of this study, the migration history of the Indonesian Hakka women who immigrate to Taiwan for marriage may be divided into two different parts: moving within Indonesia and moving between countries. Among all the respondents of this research, it was found that those with migration experiences inside Indonesia could uniquely promote and improve the economic capacity of their families of origin as well as enrich their own working experiences. The interpersonal relationships they build up during the migration process will also extend to the interpersonal network in their families of marriage. Moreover, different generations of Indonesian Hakka women have different attitudes towards Chinese people, which may occur due to the influence of anti-Chinese policies by the government. However, they all recognize Hakka culture and draw close to each other through this recognition. Additionally, the interaction found while cooking is one way they distinguish themselves from others. Moreover, food is also a way they find comfort while living abroad.

The first chapter of this study describes how Indonesian Hakka women have grown up with Hakka culture in Singkawang city, Kalimantan Island, Indonesia. However, the government’s anti-Chinese policy has resulted in different backgrounds for Indonesian Hakka women from different generations. The second chapter will discuss these women’s lives in their families of origin and their migration history, as well as their married life in Taiwan. The third and fourth chapters are the core of this research. The third chapter will start with a discussion of “In-ni Ma”, a term in Taiwanese that refers to female Indonesian spouses in Taiwan. The discussion of this term will focus on the stereotypes that local people have about them, how they connect and interact with their families of origin and families of marriage, and the sentiments hiding behind their cooking. As seen in their life experiences, the fourth chapter will deal with the identities they have during the process of migrating. Also, this chapter will compare Hakka characteristics in Indonesia and Taiwan from their viewpoint. The recognition aspect will be dealt with by asking questions regarding adjusting to a new place or eventually finding a true home. The last chapter will adopt an ethnography case study to discuss the study of new immigrant women and the Hakka community for the purpose of expressing the richness of Indonesian Hakka women’s life and the interaction of Hakka culture between Indonesia and Taiwan.