國家創新系與創新政策分析研究-台灣積體電路產業實証

Abstract

近二十年來台灣資訊及積體電路產業傑出的發展成果令世人刮目相看，但 面對先進國家技術領先的優勢與開發中國家積極投入的壓力，台灣今日所 獲致之成就實無法保證明日之競爭優勢。由於台灣產業結構之特殊性，亟 需政府以積極的作為培植產業發展，而產業發展健全與否，產業技術面及 產業環境面之良窳扮演極為重要之角色，而政府之角色在於強化產業在此 二構面上之競爭力，而此三者是形成國家創新系統的三大要素，而此三大 要素之連結更是影響經濟產出及企業競爭力之主要關鍵。 本研究結合國家創新系統之觀念及開發中國家的產業創新需求，建構出一 套評估政府產業創新政策工具效用的分析模式。此模式以Freeman所提出 之「國家創新系統」觀念為基礎，包含「產業環境系統」、「產業技術系 統」及「產業創新政策工具」等三子系統。產業環境系統係包含Porter「 鑽石體系」對產業環境塑造最具關鍵影響力之環境構面；而產業技術系統 則以Carlsson之「技術系統」為基礎，建構具體可分析之產業技術形成分 析架構；最後則依據Rothwell和Zegveld的「創新政策工具」分類方式， 探討政府政策工具對此二子系統可能著力點。並藉由此分析模式的應用研 究， 探討政府歷年來實施與積體電路產業相關之產業創新政策，對產業環境系 統、產業技術系統之影響，及與產業經濟產出的關連性，以驗證此模式的 實用性。 研究結果發現，在台灣積體電路產業發展歷程中，政府政策工具對產業環 境的塑造、技術系統的建立及產業經濟產出有關鍵性的影響。在產業萌芽 階段，政府對於產業未來發展方向仍處於摸索階段，因此較無法掌握產業 創新需求，故所執行之產業創新政策與產業發展所需創新需求差異較大， 且缺乏有利之政策工具協助產業發展，而導致產業經濟產出成長遲緩；但 進入產業成長期階段，政府已累積相當程度之經驗，因此所制訂之政策較 能掌握產業未來之發展方向及產業創新需求條件，因此使產業經濟產出快 速成長。 Taiwan's IC industry has been targeted as a strategic industry for perferentia l development for the past 20 years. In spite of its great success, as evidenc ed by its contribution to nation's GDP, the industry faces future challenges i n advanced technology development and changes in competitive environment. It i s therefore essentially that managers and government officials rethink the str ategy in order to develop a new direction that would continue to spur the indu strial development. For developing nations, it is believed that government pla ys an important role in shaping up industrial infrastructure, and providing ne eded technology. However, for policy to function effectively, policy instrumen ts must aim at poviding assistance demanded by the industry. It is the purpose of this work to develop a model to address the correlations beteen national i nnovation system and firm's competitiveness such that government may base on t he results to formulate a set of innovation policies that fulfill the true nee ds by the industry.This research develops a comprehensive model for analyzing the effectiveness of government's innovation policy for industrial development . The basic idea is formed by Freeman's "National Innovation System". The syst em includes the environmental dimensions of Porter's "Competitive Advantage of Nations", the technological dimensions of Carlsson's "Technological System", and Rothwell and Zegveld's "Classification of Innovation Policy" in industria l competition.The purpose of developing this model is to help identify the rol e of government in industrial development, especially for developing nations, and to link the macro-economic factors at the government level with industrial environment and technological systems at the industry level such that these l inkages would help fulfill the competitive requirements at the firm level.Thus , this model provides a guidance for an optimized match between government inn ovation policy and industrial competitiveness such that policymakers may apply this method to improve their national competitiveness. The model was used to investigate the correlations between innovation policy, industrial innovation system and economic performance for the integrated circuit (IC) industry of Ta iwan. The results show that there is interdependence among innovation policy, industrial innovation system and economic performance. In the embrynoic stage of this industry, the government's policy is not well aligned with industrial requirements which lead to slow economic growth. When the industry moved into the growing stage, the government has already accmulated some experience, thus the policy contents were more in accordance with industrial requirements. Thu s, the gap between government's innovation policy and industrial requirements had been shorten and the economic performance sharply rose.