設計思考中的搜尋策略模型--專家與生手的差異

Abstract

過去關於一般人類認知的研究結果指出，在定義良好的科學性問題之問題 解決過程中，不同搜尋策略的運用與經驗有著密切的關係。專家傾向於使 用前推式搜尋策略來解題，生手則傾向使用倒推式策略來解題。另外，在 設計認知的研究中，有研究指出設計者在面對結構不良問題時，會將問題 分解成數個結構良好的子問題。因此無論是科學性問題或是設計問題，同 樣都有屬於定義良好的部分。然而，至今並沒有研究針對設計者在處理屬 於結構良好的設計子問題時所採用的搜尋策略加以探討，因此，本論文的 主要目標是要瞭解專家與生手在結構良好設計問題的解決過程中，搜尋策 略運用方式的異同。在此以工業設計為例，研究方法則採口語分析法。最 終得到的結果發現，因為設計問題與科學性問題本質上的不同，因此造成 無論專家或生手在處理設計子問題時，皆傾向於採用倒推式的搜尋策略。 基於上述的研究結果，本論文在最後歸納出一個設計思考的搜尋策略模型 。 Previous studies in general human cognition indicate that the use of differentsearching strategies to solve well-structured scientific problem have much to dowith experiences. Expert scientists tend to use working-forward strategies tosolve problems, while novices tend to use working-backward ones. As far as the studies in design cognition, although design problems are mostly ill-structured, it was found that designers often decompose a single ill-structured design problem into several well-structured sub-problems. In view of this, we can say that well-structured problems exist in both scientific and design problems. However, there it seems that, so far, has been no studies focusing on the designer's searching strategies in dealing with well-structured design sub-problems. The objective of this study is thus to explore different searching strategies employed by expert and novice designers to solve well-structured industrial design sub-problems. The research method adopted is protocol analysis. The results suggest that, probably because of the differences in the nature of the structures between scientific and design problems, different from the scientists, both expert and novice designers tend to employ working-backward strategy while dealing with design sub-problems. Based on these results, a cognitive model of searching strategy in industrial design thinking is proposed at the end of this paper.