國家創新系統對台灣高科技產業發展影響之研究

Abstract

創新富國是知識經濟時代的重要策略，而國家創新系統（National Innovation Systems）的建立更是各國科技政策發展的重要議題。從創新富國的角度來看，民間企業應是一個國家創新能量的主體，政府適時介入民間企業的技術創新活動有其階段性的任務。本研究主要是提供一套分析性的國家創新系統模型，包含了國家面、產業面、企業面的分析，該模型探討開發中國家的國家產業組合、產業組合、產業創新系統、產業競爭策略群組，我們利用其互動，以分析瞭企業競爭力的來源與經濟成長之動力。 為驗證模型的有效性與實用性，本研究以台灣IC/SOC與生物晶片產業為例，並利用相關的定性與定量方法，分析國家創新系統對產業發展的影響。研究結果除顯示該模型確可提供一套完整的分析邏輯外，更可以了解不同產業特性與國家創新系統的關聯。 研究結果顯示台灣IC/SOC產業由於具有良好的半導體基礎，目前處在變遷期階段，逐漸朝向成熟期發展。現在有共識認為發展所需的產業創新系統為需求條件與相關性支援產業，而在未來五年則是技術接收能力。就生物晶片產業而言由於仍在萌芽階段，現在有共識認為發展所需的產業創新系統為需求條件、技術接收能力、多元化創新機制、知識本質與擴散機制，而未來五年則是生產要素、相關性支援產業、網路連結性、多元化創新機制。 在探討技術與產業互動關係最著名的兩個理論，分別為新貿易理論(New Trade Theory)與技術生命週期(Technology Life Cycle)。本研究以上述兩個理論佐證國家創新系統的研究，並將研究結果與上述兩個理論作比較，其推衍結論的一致性証實了本研究結論的實用性。

The national innovation systems (NIS) are the key to promoting nation’s capability for innovation. It has especially been the main focus on the development of science-technoloogy based economic growth for developing nations, within which government plays a pivotal role. This dissertation reports on an analytical approach for the development of the National Innovation Systems (NIS) which entail national, industrial and firm level analysis. Four key elements are included in this approach, namely national portfolio analysis, industrial portfolio analysis, industry innovation systems, and analysis of firm’s strategic positioning. While the NIS and IIS are crafted to identify the critical relationships between the NIS and industry’s key success factors (KSFs) that contribute to firm competitiveness and economic growth, the industrial portfolio model is aimed at characterizing Taiwan’s industrial structure for a given industry. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to study impacts of NIS on the developments of Taiwan’s High-tech Industries. IC/SOC and bio-chips industries are chosen to illustrate the utility of the model. Cross-comparisons of the results, as derived from NIS and portfolio analysis, show that Taiwan’s IC/SOC industry is in the transitional phase and moves toward the specific phase. For the IC/SOC industry, the present common factors which are required to facilitate the industrial development are “demand conditions”, “related industries”, whereas “the receiver competence” for the future perspective derived from the two analyses. The bio-chips industry is in the fluid phase which presently requires the common factors such as “demand conditions”, “receiver competence”, “variety of creation”, “nature of knowledge and diffusion”. In the future, the factor conditions, related industries, network connectivity, variety of creation are needed for expeditious development. Two economic theories, “The New Trade Theory” and “Theory of Technology Life Cycle”, are used to explain the interactions of technological and industrial dynamics in the changing locus of comparative advantage. It seems that the New Trade Theory can betther explain the results derived from the NIS analysis for the IC/SOC industry. However, both theories seem to fail to explain the results for the bio-chips industry, suggesting the high uncertainties and burgeoning nature of the industry.